Diabetes Patients Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Diabetes Patients - Case Study Example Administration of empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics was mainly to manage the presumed cellulitis. The doctors recommended insulin therapy after a series of medication on oral hypoglycaemic drugs. After consultations, the visiting surgeons recommended continued abdominal imaging to the patient. Abdominal imaging however, however, was not possible since the 45-year-old woman was too obese to fit in the CT scan. She could not fit in MRI due to her obesity. The doctors finally treated the woman’s abdominal pain using opiates after thorough medical observation. The current treatment care for the 45 year old woman is the six one after a series of medication and obesity management. The forty-five year old has also been suffering from frequent thirst and urination. Her status worsened six months ago after admission with hyperglycemia and later for a patient care program for management. The 45-year-old woman’s daughter also suffers from obesity. The daughter frequently complains of severe abdominal pain (Blak et al., 2012a, p. 2). Obesity proves to be a serious problem in the modern world. Doctors in United Kingdom hospitals report many cases of obesity caused complications daily. Brunello et al., 2009, p. 2, discusses that obesity is a function of the body mass index. Doctors consider a body mass index greater than 25 kilogram per meters square as an overweight. Information from Management of obesity in adults,† 2004, p. 1 suggest that patients suffering from morbidly obesity have body mass index greater than 40 kilograms per meters square while obese weight patients have a body mass index greater than 30 kilograms per meters square. Obese individuals have higher probabilities of contracting associated illnesses such as diabetes, heart attack or kidney failure, respiratory problems, urinary stress incontinence and cancer. Health research indicates that morbid obese women are infertile. Mahmood and Arulkumaran, 2012, p. 405, elaborates that infertility of such women results from the changing levels of estrogen and progesterone that consequently affects regularity of menstrual cycle and fertility. The forty-year old was overweight, complained of frequent chest pains, and had polyuria symptoms.

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder Essay Example for Free

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder Essay One of the great things about being a human is having the sexual desire to be intimate with another person. Many consider having the passion for sexuality is the driving force behind human behavior, but for some, this passion is non-existent. The purpose of this essay is to examine sexual dysfunction, particularly a disorder called Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD). HSDD is the deficiency or the absence of sexual fantasies or the desire for sexual activity, which ultimately lead to distress or interpersonal difficulty amongst a person† (Maserejian et al. , 2010). Communication problems, anger, a lack of trust, connection and intimacy can all adversely affect a woman’s sexual response and interest (Burman 2001).† It is said sexual dysfunction is due to infrequent orgasms, low levels of arousal and sexual excitement (Basson 2006). In a relationship, it is normal behavior for women to engage in sex and to crave emotional closeness with their partner. In a study by Women’s Health across the Nation (SWAN), 6 cities in 6 countries were surveyed. It was found 40 percent of women reported they infrequently or never felt sexual desire (Basson 2006). It is evident there are many ways to look at the potential causes of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD). Throughout this paper, the following sources will be conversed; specifically the psychosocial state, which refers to the mind’s capability to develop and interrelate with a social environment. Traumatic incidents and emotional issues are two factors that can also be linked to sexual dysfunctions throughout adulthood. Studies show child abuse is one of the biggest factors that lead up to sexual dysfunction in adulthood. This abuse can be linked to dysfunctions physically, emotionally and intellectually to oneself. Along with child abuse, depression and anxiety most often become the outcome of such act, which are other factors that lead up to HSDD. Today, HSDD is under thorough research to conclude more defined answers for this disorder. Nonetheless, the purpose of this paper is to examine Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) specifically the psychosocial causes such as anxiety, child abuse and depression. Having the lack of desire for intimacy can be caused by a person’s emotional state of mind. When a person has a negative view towards sex due to previous experiences, it heavily affects their outlook on sex in the long run. Anxiety occurs when a person is triggered by stress and those who are anxious usually â€Å"negative self-talk†, a habit of telling oneself the worst-case scenario. One who has HSDD feels a high form of anxiety towards sex due to insecurities or dysfunctions they feel anxious about. When one carries heavy anxiety towards sexuality and intimacy, it weakens their desire for sex. Self-esteem can be related to the development of anxiety. Moreover, traumatic incidents, sexual abuse and depression can also lead to the cause of HSDD. In a study done at a University at the Sexual Behavioral Clinics, several answers were found. In this case study, the sample size was 145 adults without sexual dysfunctions and 198 adults with sexual dysfunctions. All of these individuals were married heterosexual couples between the ages of 25-68 years of age (McCabe 2005). Researchers were able to categorize adults with sexual dysfunction into six groupings, these include: premature ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, male lack sexual desire, female inorgasmia, female lack of arousal, and female lack of sexual desire (McCabe 2005). Researchers hypothesize coital anxiety is the main result of sexual dysfunction with their partners. It is believed anxiety causes a damper on most spouses’ relationships due to constant fear on inability to perform sexually, which inevitably causes tension between couples due to anxiety (McCabe 2005). Throughout this study, it was also found that anxiety created depressive symptoms between sexuall y dysfunctional adults. A potential effect for the depressive symptoms lead to less satisfying sexual activities with a partner, causing individuals to turn to a more reliable way of pleasure, masturbation (McCabe 2005). All in all, high levels of anxiety can affect the intimacy of a relationship. More specifically, the constant fear focused on the inability to perform sexually or fear caused by past events causes strong tension between couples, which allows anxiety to grow. There is always room for research and McCabe (2005) believes more investigation on the effects of anxiety and HSDD can be done in order to fully understand the disorder. The events that take place during childhood inevitably shape a person in adulthood. One of the main causes for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder can be linked to a previous history of child abuse. Traumatic experiences as a child can strongly affect the psychosocial development of an individual. According to Webster Dictionary, Psychosocial is the relation between social conditions and mental health (Webster). Traumatic events during childhood can lead to a dysfunction called sexual desire disorder. Flashbacks of the event in childhood can occur for several years and continuously stay with the individual long term. A sexual desire disorder can frighten an individual in having any desire to be intimate or sexually active with anyone. A study conducted by Myriam S Denov (2004) examines individuals who were previous victims of sexual abuse as a child. This study involves a sample size of 14 victims, 7 male and 7 female. However, this sample size could potentially pose a threat to the external validity of this study because it represents individuals would only face female-perpetrated sexual abuse. The data was collected by several questions and interviews throughout a six-month period. Victims were consulted before screening in order to find the most precise answers. The aim of the study displays the long-term negative effects these victims carried after their traumatic experiences. Denov (2004) found that victims of childhood abuse were in less satisfying relationships with their partner sexually and emotionally. Respondents also reported long-term difficulties with substance abuse, self-injury, depression, strained relationships with partners and discomfort with sex (Denov 2004). Specifically with male respondents, common results for the study include arousal dysfunctions and fear of sex with women. Specifically for females, those who experienced childhood sexual abuse demonstrated lack of pleasure or satisfaction from sexual encounters (Denov 2004). It is evident childhood sexual abuse strongly effects adulthood developing a fear of sex, arousal dysfunctions, sexual inhibition and lack of pleasures by sexual encounters (Denov 2004). All in all, all these factors can strongly lead to a dissatisfying sexual relationship with a partner. Depression adversely affects every aspect of an individual’s life, including our relationships. When depression occurs between sexual encounters, it can heavily affect the relationship negatively (Lykins 2006). When one suffers depression, a lost of inte rest in sexual activities can occur and evidently minimizes a couple’s desire for intimacy (Lykins 2006). This can be shameful because intimacy, closeness and support can be therapeutic for an individual suffering depression. Some studies have linked depression with a decrease in sexual activity but others have reported an increase. In Lykins’ (2006) study, 663 females college-aged students answered questions regarding the effects of anxious and depressed mood on sexual interest and arousal. These respondents completed trait measures of sexual excitation and depression. It was discovered depressive symptoms tend to possess a greater desire in sexual activities for these women, mostly gearing towards masturbation (Lykins 2006). It was found that depressive symptoms lead to less satisfying sexual activities with an encounter. Moreover, respondents turned to masturbation because it was more reliable then pleasure. In this study, a variable discovered was that propensity for sexual excitation was the strongest predictor for women between depression and sex (Lykins 2006). Furthermore, depressive woman had the strongest tendency to perform risky and compulsive sexual behavior or develops sexual dysfunction. Along with this study, another sample were 339 college-aged men where some also developed depression throughout their adolescents. When men were compared to woman for those suffering in depression, men carried much stronger desires for sexual interest during these mood states. Unfortunately, there are a number of factors that limit the accuracy of this study. One of which those with clinical depression were not considered. Furthermore, to ensure reliability of the study, these issues can be looked further to ensure accuracy for this topic. As mentioned through this paper, there are numerous factors that could be linked to Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD). HSDD is the deficiency or the absence of sexual fantasies or the desire for sexual activity, which ultimately lead to distress or interpersonal difficulty among a person (Maserejian et al., 2010). This disorder can most certainly be a damper on relationships with a partner. Anxiety correlates to HSDD when the individual develops a fear of sexual relations and insecurities towards their sexual performance (McCabe, 2005). It is apparent child abuse is a huge factor which causes one to develop HSDD. Denov (2006) had found that traumatic events as a childhood can lead to dysfunctions and can lack sexual desires for any encounters. Additional research is needed to answer all questions between HSDD and depression. This evidently can help complete analysis and fill the gap between the two factors. An improvement that could be made within all the studies is bigger sample sizes in order to achieve more accurate information. A final suggestion for future and more precise research would be the effects of sexual desire in relation to males, as many of the studies are geared towards female participants. References: Basson, R. (2006). Sexual desire and arousal disorders in women. The new england journal o f medicine, 354, 1497-1506. Retrieved from http://www.obgyn.uab.edu/medicalstudents/obgyn/uasom/documents/September/SEX DYSF.pdf Berman , J. (2001). For women only: A revolutionary guide to reclaiming your sex life [. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co. Denov, M. (2004). The long-term effects of child sexual abuse by female perpetrators. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(10), 1137-1156. Retrieved from http://jiv.sagepub.com/content/19/10/1137.full.pdf html Maserejian, N. (2010). The presentation of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. International Society for Sexual Medicine, 7(10), 3438-3448. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20646184 McCabe, M. (2005). The role of performance anxiety in the development and maintenance of sexual dysfunction in men and women. International journal of stress management, 12(4), 379-388. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/str/12/4/379.pdf Psychosocial. 2013. In Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved Feb 4, 2011, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/psychosocial

High Turnover Rate Of Expatriate Managers Management Essay

High Turnover Rate Of Expatriate Managers Management Essay The West Indies Yacht Club Resort (WIYCR), headquartered in Chicago, is located on the British Virgin Islands (BVI). BVI is part of the Virgin Islands archipelago with the population of approximately twenty thousand. The majority of the population (83%) is of African descent, with the remainder being of Amerindian, East Indian, and Middle Eastern descent, or white expatriates. Although it has been operating successfully, the West Indies Yacht Club Resort has some alarming problems that have recently become apparent and have seriously affected the operational and organizational aspects of the resort. The main concerns of the organization can be summarized as follows High turnover rate of expatriate managers; Low motivation of the local employees; Rising tension between expatriates and local staff; Rising number of guest complaints; The purpose of this report is to identify the causes of the problems highlighted above as well as provide the most suitable and feasible solutions to improve the current situation in WIYCR. For the purpose of the study critical review of the academic research has been conducted to define the two colliding cultures and to understand the needs of the local staff as well as help US managers to employ the most effective management style. In addition to that, thorough onsite investigation, observations and set of interviews have been conducted, findings of which have been outlined in the below report. Research When it comes to business, it is crucial for a multinational organisation to be able to successfully deal with cross-cultural differences, turning them into strengths, not weaknesses. The existence of expatriate managers is quite common in multinational companies. It is also believed their managerial skills are directly linked to the success of the business and also to the success of cultural adaptation of the organization. According to Schneider and Barsoux cultural adjustment should create opportunities for an organization rather than a threat, and it helps leaders develop intellectually, emotionally and ethically. The qualities that make a good expatriate manager have been often discussed. As per The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development the key competencies that they feel a good expatriate manager should exhibit include Technical competence, previous achievements in home country, language skills, motivation, stress resistance, independence, and goal orientated personality and good communication skills. They also believe that a manager thriving in one culture is not inevitably going to be successful in another. Moreover, it is vital for a multicultural organization to employ good leaders. However, the leadership styles differ greatly among cultures. Mendenhall et al (1995) claim that in order for an expatriate manager to effectively motivate and lead people from different cultural background they must try to fit in with the social norms of that culture, while also standing out as a leader. In order to identify and understand the main differences between the US and BVI and be able to provide guidance on how to effectively manage people for both cultures, the following two diagnostic models have been reviewed: Hofstede s Model of National Culture; 7d Cultural Dimension Model. In general, people in BVI are more relaxed that in the US and they value quality time with friends and family. They also have very strong power distance which means that people are required to obey and show extreme respect for people based on organizational hierarchy. According to the Hofstede the management style in such societies is mostly authoritarian and vigorous due to the fact that many employees tend to avoid work. The fact that the local staff is paid on the hourly basis and gets a pay raise each year without a proper performance review, gives further incentive to work less. In addition to that, the Caribbean people also experience the lack of proper education, resulting in very high uncertainty avoidance. They also find it difficult to cope with uncertain situations and try to stay away from any conflict that might lead to having to make independent decisions. By contrast, the American culture manifests low uncertainty avoidance. It has been proven that effective leadership systems in countries with high uncertainty avoidance tend to involve providing employees with very clear instructions. Therefore, if they do not have defined objectives for a day, employees choose to avoid work to minimize the stress of uncertainty. According to Hofstede the link between individual and society also plays a significant role in defining a particular culture. There are two main streams individualism and collectivism. As far as the Caribbean culture is concerned, it shows much more tendency towards collectivism as people are viewed mainly in terms of the group they belong to. Unlike in the US, the individualism is very low in BVI, resulting in people not interested in personal achievements and career progression, and they favour work in groups. In those cultures time spent with family and friends is highly cherished and cannot be compensated by financial benefits. The American approach is quite the opposite. According to Hofstedes theory, cultures also differ in terms of expectations as regards to the role of men and women in a society. Therefore high masculinity cultures clearly define the gender roles men are usually more self-confident and dominant and they are more career-oriented. In the case of the Caribbean culture, the gender roles are not clearly divided, in fact there is a high equality among men and women and their performance. Additionally, in order to understand a particular culture, one should also consider whether people have a long term or short orientation. For example, in the US people are more short term oriented which means they expect immediate results and paybacks. By contrast, the Caribbean culture shows greater tendency towards long term orientation, where people are not anxious to see immediate results, compensations or promotions but put emphasis on the role of security and social obligations. In order to analyze those two cultures even deeper and explain how people relate to each other, the 7d Cultural Dimension Model has been employed. First of all, in terms of universalism versus particularism approach, the US is believed to favour universalism, where the most effective management style is based on set of rules and commonly accepted moral principles. On the other hand, the Caribbean people treat each interaction in a different way and pass the subsequent judgments. They are also very affective, which results in expressing their emotions freely whereas in the US people are expected to be conservative in that respect. In addition to that, the Caribbean people believe that they have to establish a personal relationship with the prospect business partner before entering into any business relations. With regards to WIYCR, the local employees say that We have so many managers from US and they dont stay here very long. Many of them think they can just come here and well instan tly be their friends. Since it takes time to build personal relations, there should be a commitment from both sides. Lastly, it is crucial to distinguish between the internal and external control. In the US people believe that they are in charge of their own lives, whereas the Caribbeans put more trust in Gods fate. Those differences have a great impact on the attitudes people show towards different values and norms. For instance, Americans believe they can achieve anything they like if they put enough effort into it. Therefore, the American culture emphasizes and supports personal achievement and continuous improvement. By contrast, Caribbean people believe that their fate has been predetermined. Therefore, they do not try to change something in their lives or put more effort intro achieving something. Findings and analysis To start with, it should be noted that the local government regulations in relation to the labour market in BVI has had a great impact on the overall structure and performance of WIYCR. The government restrictions considerably differ from those the US expatriate managers are familiar with. Generally speaking, in the US the job is given to the best possible candidate, while in BVI it is offered to the most enthusiastic candidate. The local work permit limitations result in trained and qualified managers from the US not being able to find employment in BVI. Another obvious difference between those two labour markets is the process in which employees can be laid off. As tourism is one of the few sustainable industries on the island, employees are granted job security despite their qualifications and willingness to work. By contrast, the number of jobs available in the American hospitality industry is rather limited. The employment opportunities in BVI are almost unlimited in that respec t, which means the local staff can freely leave or change a post if they wish. Unlike in the BVI, the US have extensive hospitality management educational programs and relevant work placement schemes. Therefore, the locals do not have the opportunity to gain the necessary education in the hospitality field resulting in their lack of enthusiasm in relation to taking on management positions. As far as the management team of WIYCR is concerned, the main company departments are located miles away from the actual resort, and all strategic decisional are made offshore. As the top mangers pay visits to the resort only few times a year, and never during peak season, they cannot fully understand the culture diversity and employee needs, let alone the issues which can directly impact the overall operation of the resort. This gap has already resulted in various communication issues. In one particular instance, the Chicago office had over-booked the resort by nearly 20% despite the opposition from the Rooms Division Managers. Therefore, during the peak season the number of guests was much higher than the physical capacity of the resort, affecting the service and staff morale. In the light of the previously identified problems, the study have been concluded with the following findings: Turnover in expatriate management This problem is partly due to the lack of essential international experience, cross cultural communication and sensitivity training on the expatriates side. Additionally, the strict local government regulations create challenges for the management to effectively run the resort. Since the understanding of local culture is limited among the expatriate managers, the management styles they employ are often ineffective. For instance, the behind-the-scene approach so popular in the US is much less effective in managing the Caribbean staff that showing support and participation. As a result of the cultural gap and lack of apparent results, the expatriate managers often feel discouraged since they cannot motivate the local staff to work effectively. Thus, the expatriates often loose their enthusiasm to work in the resort within a short period of time. Lack of motivation in local employees This issue is related to the over-protection from the government labour policy guaranteeing the jobs and salary for the local staff. Moreover, BVI locals are nourishing-oriented they cherish friendships between co-workers and family life. Thus, solely financial reward system is not effective at all. Instead, according to Maslows Needs Hierarchy Theory and The Four Drive Theory belongingness should be developed as well as drive to bond in order to boost their working spirit. It is also crucial for the locals to create personal relationships with their colleagues and direct supervisors, which is combined into their working relationship. Therefore, behind the scene managers do not encourage loyalty or respect from the local employees. Finally, locals know that they are paid on hourly basis and will get a raise each year without a review and regardless of their job performance. Tension between expatriates and local workers This is caused by the cultural difference. In the case of WIYCR, the expatriates are goal-oriented, they emphasize individualism, adopt easily to low power distance, low uncertainty avoidance and competitive environment whereas the local staff put emphasis on collectivism, adapting to high power distance, high uncertainty avoidance and nourishment orientation. The difference leads to misunderstandings on both sides creating unnecessary conflicts and tensions. Additionally, as mentioned previously, the labour laws of BVI increase job protection for locals, posing significant challenges to operations of the resort that suffers from insufficient capacity during peak season and overstaffing during the rest of the year. As it has been already proven the ideal management styles of US and BVI are significantly different. The former prefer laissez-fair or behind the scenes style while the latter prefer a hands-on and more instructive style. Since there are merely a few hands-on managers in WIYCR who strive hard to integrate into the local culture and gain respect, the frequent misunderstandings and lack of cooperation lead to unnecessary tensions in the resort. Moreover, unclear job descriptions and expectations also contribute to the increased tensions. Having lower education levels, the locals require clear and detailed role descriptions while the US expatriates consider brief guidelines sufficient in order to get the job done. Increase in guest complaints This issue is directly related to the above mentioned problems. Internal weaknesses combined with ineffective operating of the resort (e.g. insufficient staff in peak seasons, overbooking) result in the diminished level of service provided to the guests. The low motivation of local employees and the fact that there are currently less reluctant to take on more responsibilities affects the level of the customer service the guests expect. Solutions Based on the above findings it is believed that the optimal solution in the case of WIYCR is to change the organizational mindset to create more globally conscious management that will be able to benefit from the cultural diversity of the organization. The obvious advantage of this alternative is the fact it will promote cultural harmony, leading to increased work efficiency. Be changing the corporate culture to embrace diversity, the company will utilize the strengths of both cultures which in return allows the resort to retain the leading position in the market. As far as the downsides are concerned, the existing team may initially resist change resulting in cultural differences being even more challenging to harmonize. In the short term however, as the Christmas season is about to begin, the company should focus on trust building and improving team working. In the long run, attention should be placed on improving the communication and relationship between the resort and the headquarters in order to increase the overall efficiency of the organization. The first step is to improve the current situation in WIYCR is to have an authority figure present in the resort at all times in order to motivate employees. By having an evident, participating leader people will be motivated to work harder and focus on achieving the companys goals as well as seeking assistance with solving any problems that may occur. Secondly, managers should assign daily tasks and set goals for their employees as collectivists are not willing to set their own targets. This form of leadership is believed to be effective way of managing the local staff due to the high power distance of their culture. It is highly recommended that the implementation of this plan begin immediately since it is a vital part of the overall cultural adaptation process. The second area of development is to improve internal communication, gradually building trust between managers and local staff. In order to do that, the existing managers should undergo cultural training, so they become aware of the cultural differences they deal with be able do handle the situation more effectively. Cross-cultural training will significantly improve the communication between locals and expatriates. It is believed that it could be of a great benefit to the organization if the staff and management team attend both formal meetings to discuss progress and improvements and informal gatherings to improve relationships. The main reason behind it is that the local employees will hopefully increase their involvement and work efficiency as they are highly motivated by social activities. It has also become apparent that the communication between the resort and headquarters needs to be improved to prevent further tensions and deterioration of the customer service. The situation in this case can be improved by having frequent performance reports, as well as resort peak period bookings reviewed by the onsite managers. Additionally, quarterly meetings should be organized as well as visits from the top management to oversee the operation and become actively involved in the resorts day-to-day activities. In the long run, part of the booking duties could be delegated from the headquarters to the resort to improve efficiency and staff involvement. It is also recommended that the above solutions are considered as an on-going process starting with increased interactions among the employees, managers and head office. The third area of improvement related to building team working skills. It is vital for the business to have motivated and enthusiastic employees that work efficiently towards the common goal s of the organization. Since there is a high illiteracy rate among the local staff, precise instructions and demonstration are recommended. Moreover, in order to improve efficiency among the local staff, re-training using a hands-on approach should be considered. Additionally, future recruitment practices with regards to the local employees should be linked to the relevant skill set and attitude of the right candidate. Moreover, the selection of expatriates for managing positions should be based on previous cross-cultural experience and the relevant characteristics. Finally, job rotation should be taken into consideration to further encourage employees to interact with each other and increase job satisfaction and motivation. The fourth area of development relates to the implementation of effective performance measures. Both financial incentives as well as added collective rewards based on group performance should be considered. There should be frequent performance reviews held during group meetings, emphasizing win-win approach among management, employees and customers. The purpose of this approach is to satisfy needs of both cultures that help inspire employees to work efficiently increasing the organizations performance. These changes will involve continuous adjustment and improvements. Short term recommendations Organize an informal gathering prior to the peak season to boost employee morale Liaison with the local bar, popular with both the expatriates and local employees, should be considered and every opportunity such as birthday or festival parties should not be missed. It is also recommended that the resort provide food and drink incentives for employees. This action can help to build up friendship and team spirit between the expatriates and the local people. It will also create an excellent opportunity for both sides to discuss different opinions, express ones beliefs and subsequently reduce the tension between them. Additionally, it will help the expatriate managers to adapt to the local environment better in order to achieve their best management styles and satisfy their drive to acquire in order to have a lower turnover rate. Such informal gatherings are believed to be the first step to overcome cultural barriers and reduce tension between the parties. Informal parties should also provide a perfect opportunity for relationships to be established, and friendships and bonds to be made. It is also highly recommended that the local employees are encouraged to bring their family and friends, which is seen as a crucial part of their culture. In that way both the local employees and expatriate managers will have a brief, but better understanding for each others culture, which may result in mutual respect at least for the forthcoming holiday peak season.. Creating informational leaflets Those leaflets should be distributed among guests upon arrival, in which local culture is explained and embraced. This will help to change customer perceptions and persuade guests to relax and enjoy the slightly slower pace of islands time. This is a short term solution that can be altered into a longer term marketing campaign. Formal meetings (Instruction days) The main aim of these meetings should be to identify difficulties that both sides encounter on a day to day basis in the resort. It is recommended that the meetings are held regularly focusing on giving clear instructions to reduce uncertainties by providing clear indications in terms of work requirements, goals, future plans. In addition to that, demonstrations can be done by managers to increase their awareness of the daily tasks involved in running of the resort. It will also give the managerial team the opportunity to get to know the work of their subordinates and show their willingness to cooperate. Moreover, the local staff should be encouraged to ask questions, which in return help to provide cleared indication for future plans to be implemented and should guarantee higher motivation from the local community. Training programs For locals, the training workshops should focus on three areas: foreign culture, language and hospitality. Those initiatives should help the local people to understand the other culture and break the language barrier, as well as provide guidance on how to treat the customers in appropriate ways, thus helping to reduce the guest complaints. For expatriates, the training workshops should emphasize both BVI culture and management skills. They should be able to explore and appreciate the local culture, and communicate with the local staff in an effective ways by adapting their management styles to the local requirements. Long term recommendations Establish a WIYCR management training program This program should provide an opportunity for enthusiastic locals to receive the necessary training and education in order to be able to understand the industry and operational aspects of the resort. It will help to find a balance between local and expatriate management and staff. Additionally, this should promote motivation and involvement among local people and increase their willingness to take on extra responsibilities. Request frequent visits from the offsite top management team It is recommended that during these visits both the employees and managers should be encouraged to have an open dialogue in efforts to improve communication. Establish a social interaction committee The purpose of this should be to create more informal interactions between the local employees and the expatriate managers. This is especially recommended during off-peak season. This will not only improve internal communication, but also provide conditions for cultural understanding. In addition, non-financial incentives such as providing free food and drinks if customer complaints go down 10% in a particular week. Conclusion To sum up, all problems rooted from the large cultural gap. The remedial measures listed above aim at facilitating mutual communication and thus establishing better understanding and trust to deal with the cultural clash. Managers and local staff are important assets which help to run the resort smoothly. Any disputes and conflicts make unnecessary loss to the resort. Therefore, creating harmonious environment is essential before coming to various solutions.

Comparing Washington Irvings Sleepy Hollow the Movie to the Book Essay

Comparing Washington Irving's Sleepy Hollow the Movie to the Book ?The Legend of Sleepy Hollow? is a short story by Washington Irving. Based on a well-known legend, this story tells the tale of the disappearance of the main character, Ichabod Crane. An effective ghost story, Irving leaves you guessing what the truth is behind the ending. The movie Sleepy Hollow is Hollywood?s portrayal of Irving?s original story. Although the movie is similar to the story in the beginning, the movie takes a twist that leads in another direction that strays far from the original plot. The original story by Washington Irving starts out in a small town of Sleepy Hollow. Irving paints an image of bountiful crops, beautiful scenery, and prosperous landowners. Ichabod Crane was a local pedagogue, who taught at the local schoolhouse. He was known for his strict ways and yet he was very popular amongst the families of his students- especially the ones who had ?pretty sisters.? Ichabod enjoyed spending fall evenings with the old widows as they sat by a fire and told stories of ghosts and demons and other supernatural beings. One story that was always told was one of the legendary Headless Horsemen. The tale tells of a soldier who had his head shot off with a cannon ball. His ghost now roamed Sleepy Hollow on his horse, looking for his lost head. In place of his head, sits a jack-o-lantern, which had a fiery glow. Intertwined with this short story is a love story, or rather a story of pure lust and greed. Ichabod Crane was in ?love? with a girl named Katrina Van Tassel. Katrina was the daughter of the wealthy and prosperous landowner, Heer Van Tassel. Ichabod?s pursuit of Katrina was for purely physical and lustful reasons. His... ... While the original story leaves you wondering what happens to Ichabod, the movie leaves you with the question on whether or not everything can be explained by science. Ichabod tries the entire movie to try and figure out who is the murderer by using all his scientific explanations, yet in the end, there truly was a ghost. Both stories leave you thinking about the possibility of ghosts and demons. When it comes to both stories, they both provide questions that leave us to ponder. While they have their similarities, the majority of ideas differ. The story lines differ in so many ways that they are two different stories with a few similarities that tie them together. Although I enjoyed watching the movie, I still find that I prefer the question that the original story left us wondering. What did happen to Ichabod Crane? Personally? I think he ran away.

Mythic and Fairy

The feeling of impending danger as the story progresses is created for the reader in Joyce Carol Oates’ short story, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?, through employing mythical elements to describe what is happening in the plot. Throughout the story, she uses several descriptions associated with the devil to serve as metaphors for the male character and what happens to Connie as also symbolic of the power of evil to tempt, conquer, and destroy the individual. Connie is the symbol of innocence. A young girl of fifteen, she is at the time of adolescence when young women begin to explore beyond their childhood lives and have a taste of how it is like to be a grown-up. She is also pretty, obsessed with mirrors and fussing with her looks. She is very unlike her plain older sister. Like most pretty girls her age who want excitement and not be â€Å"plain and steady† like the sister, Connie is giggly and eager for new things, unaware that danger lurks ready to exploit the fantasies of girls like her. She is like innocent Red Riding Hood who thinks the woods are nice, cozy places to travel through unaware of the wolf that lives within. After describing Connie and her family, the author introduces the technique of incorporating mythic element in the story by describing the drive-in restaurant as a â€Å"sacred building that loomed up out of the night to give them what haven and blessings they yearned for†¦the music was†¦like music at a church service†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚   The restaurant is a wholesome place for young people to meet and enjoy each other’s company. However, once Connie gets out of the restaurant towards the parking lot, she is not safe anymore. The devil lurks just outside sacred places, ready to tempt anyone who gets out of the temple and who is willing to do something naughty and fun. It is outside where Connie sees Arnold Friend for the first time although they would not be introduced to each other then as Connie is with Eddie, a wholesome boy her age whom she meets in the â€Å"sacred† restaurant. Right after that first meeting, the story begins its creepy quality as the author focuses on Arnold Friend and uses mythological and cultural associations with the devil to describe him.   One association is how Arnold Friend comes into the picture and how he looks like. His approach is announced by the â€Å"glow of slow-pulsed joy that seemed to rise mysteriously out of the music† which Connie was listening to at the time her parents and sister went to a barbecue party at her aunt’s one weekend, leaving her alone in the house. Rock and roll music, songs that are fast and hard, is associated with rebellious teenagers. Arnold Friend appears to her with a rock song in the background and looking like a rock star himself, just like the men in Connie’s fantasy. He had â€Å"fair brown hair†¦sideburns (that) gave him a fierce, embarrassed look†¦wore sunglasses†¦tight faded jeans stuffed into black, scuffed boots, a belt that pulled his waist in and showed how lean he was†¦the jaw and chin and cheeks slightly darkened because he hadn’t shaved†¦and the nose long and hawklike.† His features are sharp, his attire scruffy, and his bearing is very manly. He appeals to her fantasy to look appealing to her, thus making it easier to achieve his purpose. However, the skin around his eyes, which she notices when he takes off his glasses, was â€Å"like holes that were not in shadow but instead in light.† The eyes themselves were â€Å"like chips of broken glass that light in an amiable way.† They were devilish eyes, bright and unlike normal human eyes. When he speaks, it is in â€Å"a simple lilting voice, exactly as if he were reciting the words to a song.† He constantly smiles, too. His name is Arnold Friend, an obvious pun on â€Å"fiend†. He is obviously a bad guy with bad intentions but one who disguises them well. No other name is more trustworthy than one who has â€Å"Friend† for a family name. Arnold rides a golden jalopy. The shiny car symbolizes how the temptations of evil always come in a dazzling and attractive package. Connie herself is amused and fascinated with the car. He uses signals and secret codes. When the car comes to a stop by the front door, â€Å"the horn sounded four taps.† Beside Arnold Friend’s car are more codes: the numbers 33, 19, and 17. He also tells Connie at one point during their conversation that he has a sign, the letter X. Superstition, with its preoccupation with codes, signs and numbers, is connected with the dark side. Another association is the suggestion that Arnold Friend knows everything about Connie and is even telepathic. When he calls Connie by name, she is surprised since she never introduced herself at any time before he drives into their doorstep. He knows the names of her family members, all her friends from school, and tells her that he can see what is happening at Aunt Tillie’s barbecue party at the very moment that he is talking to her. Connie, of course, realizes the danger she is in although it takes some time to sink in because at first she thinks she can just waive Arnold off and he would simply leave her alone. She knows the clues to the kind of brewing trouble she is facing with Arnold when she recognizes â€Å"that sleepy dreamy smile that all the boys used to get across ideas they didn’t want to put into words†¦and the singsong way he talked, slightly mocking, kidding, but serious†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She knows the game of temptation and she tries to resist as hard as she could. Later on in the conversation, however, when Connie continues to resist and especially when she threatens him with calling the police, Arnold slowly takes off the mask he has put on to seduce her with sweetness and becomes forceful. Evil cannot keep on its sweet face when it realizes how it is on the verge of defeat. When it cannot get its way through sweet talk and wheedling, it would resort to the use of force and violence. Connie also recognizes the shift and she feels real panic and fear. Arnold makes it clear to her when he says, â€Å"the place where you came from ain’t there any more, and where you had in mind to go is cancelled out.† Of course, Connie could have called her parents or the police and it could have frightened Arnold off and leave her. After all, she is inside the house while he is locked outside. He cannot go in and it would have taken him some time to break the door, long enough for Connie to make the call. But like the devil, he plays with her weakness, confusion and fear at the moment. Arnold controls himself, knowing that it would work better if Connie comes out of her own will. He continues to seduce her with promises of a pleasurable experience. He promises to bring her â€Å"to a nice field, out in the country here† where Arnold will â€Å"have (his) arms tight around (her).† He tries to convince her that she is better than any of her family members and only he can understand her and her needs best. Towards the end of the story, Arnold keeps coaxing until Connie feels she is not herself anymore. The author describes it as an incantation. She is lured and hypnotized by his words. She has become an observer watching herself â€Å"put out her hand against the screen†¦push the door slowly open†¦moving out into the sunlight where Arnold Fiend waited.† She has given up herself to the devil. She has fallen from grace. She will never be the same again. Using descriptive elements associated with the mythical creature called the devil proves to be an effective technique in developing the story because it adds that extra element of scariness in the reading. The reader associate what is happening in the story with the extra imageries and it intensifies the suspense and anticipation of the obviously tragic ending of the female character. The ending is not only about Connie giving herself up to Arnold. It is also about how evil has tempted innocence, wins over her, and leads her to a terrible end. Work Cited Oates, Joyce Carol. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?

Buddhist Nuns in Tibet

Our work aims to research Buddhist nunnery in Tibet. We are going to give information about Tibet in general and about peculiarities of Tibetan religion. We are going to pursue a case study of ordination to a nunnery. Buddhism is one of the world religions. Its believers live through in India, China, South-East Asia, Tibet and other countries. In old times inhabitants of Tibet didn’t practice Buddhism. Their folk religion called â€Å"mi-chos†, which meant the law of men. In after years it transformed to â€Å"bon-chos† – Bon religion. There some people who practice it in Modern Tibet and a handful of handful of Moslems..Nowadays Tibet is a poor Chinese province. It makes modern Tibetan Autonomous Republic. Besides of TAR Tibetan people live in the Chamdo region of Szechwan; some are found in Tsinghai and Kansu (Chang-tu Hu 66). Population carries on animal husbandry. Most of Tibetans consider themselves Buddhists Tibetan Buddhism is differs from the other national forms of this religion. It adapted to everyday life of inhabitants. As Guiseppe Tucci stated, â€Å"the entire spiritual life of the Tibetan is defined by a permanent attitude of defense, by a constant effort to appease and propitiate the powers whom he fears† (187).Tibetan Buddhism is heavily influenced by belief in supernatural. Tucci observed, that religion of Buddha in Tibet shot with a certain ambiguity: on the one side the fear of capricious spirits that was inherited by Lamaism from the country's original religions and, on the other, the conviction that man possesses the means to control these dark vengeful forces demanding propitiation. Magic, ritual, acts of piety, liberality towards monasteries and teachers, exorcism, liturgical technique, all come to his aid. And the human victim he was at the outset, at the mercy of a thousand invisible forces, is able to become their master.(73-74) On this basis scientists state there is a detached Tibetan form of Buddh ism. They called it Lamaism. Lamas were privileged class in Tibetan society. They operate in many sectors of daily life, and the monasteries are important social and economic centers of society. Basic concepts of Buddhism (karma, nirvana, transmigration, and reincarnation) are the same in Lamaism. There were three religious sects in Tibet: Nyingmapa, Kargyu, Sakya, and Gelugpa. The last one is known as the â€Å"Yellow School,† because monks wear yellow hats during ceremonies.It emerged in China since the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) and became the most influential school in Tibet since the 17th century. Gelugpa sect governed over the country until the Chinese re-exerted control over Tibet when head of â€Å"Yellow School† Dalai Lama fled to India in 1959. The Panchen Lama, who resided at Shigatse, has been elevated by the Chinese government to the position vacated by the Dalai Lama. Followers of the Panchen Lama used to claim that his spiritual powers rival those of the D alai Lama. Both of them were reincarnations of their predecessors.When either dies the priesthood have to decide in which newly born child he has been reincarnated. The reincarnation can happen anywhere, even in a peasant family, but such a family automatically becomes a member of the noble class. Our study of Tibetan nunnery will be incomplete without defining the role of monasteries. Monastery system is the basis of Lamaism. There were 6000 of Buddhist monasteries in Tibet until the Chinese invaded in 1950. Nowadays only six of them are restored (Kerr 37). Monasteries as landowners were authority under units of villages. Many of them used to house five thousand monks.Percentage of the monks composes from 20 to 33-1/3 percent of male population. According to Havnevik Hanna, there were also 27,000 nuns in 1959 (37). In Buddhist countries nuns are called by many different terms —bhik? un? i, don chee, sikkhamat, dasasilmata, jomo, mae chi, tila shin. According to Tibetan tradi tion celibate female Buddhist practitioners are known as ‘ani’. Karma Lekshe Tsomo states in her book, that many women in Tibet became ‘anis’ because nunnery provides an opportunity to get an education (201). Knowledge turned out to be an important theme in the history of many monastic communities.Owing to the isolation from the rest of the world, there was a lack of scientific knowledge in Tibet. Alexandra David-Neel notes, that many Tibetans believed that the earth was flat (26-29). The first radio station in Tibet started operating on January 1, 1959 (Chang-tu Hu 251). There were no primary schools prior to 1950. After the defeat of revolt against Chinese authority in the late fifties Tibetan diaspora began. In the sixties many young people from western countries began heading to the East searching for religious and philosophic alternatives to replace inadequacies they felt in their own cultures.Communication innovations of the eighties established close r connections among people. That’s why desire for knowledge and education affected even remote nunnery high up in the Himalayas. Karma Lekshe Tsomo narrates what was the monastery education to be: The monks and nuns had been recruited with promises of a life of study. Instead, they had to work day in and day out on the ‘gonpa's’ (settlement) construction. At night, they were too tired to concentrate on the lamas' teachings in Tibetan, an unfamiliar language†¦.In this culture, women only left home if they had specific, compelling reasons to do so. For many women, the quest for religious learning and an aversion to hard labor do not constitute compelling reasons. (204) If there is no senior monk in the monastery nuns live in the villages with their parents and work with them. They could gather together only several days on month to read few ‘pechas’ (religious texts). Those, who are not ordained just have to take five precepts: not to kill, steal, lie, commit sexual misconduct, or take intoxicants. Beijing notes that it’s not easy to be a teacher.To be appointed as a teacher of nuns, a monk must fulfill sixteen qualifications : respectability (not having incurred a defeat or partial defeat and being conscientious in that he has forsaken unwholesome deeds such as killing animals); steadfastness (twenty years of standing as a monk); learning (knowledge of the three collections of the scriptures); and thirteen qualities of helpfulness (the twelve explained in the first chapter of this work in the discussion of the qualifications of the monastic preceptor, plus not having previously been appointed as a nuns' teacher and then removed from that position).A monk with these qualifications is appointed to be the nuns' teacher within the boundary of his monastic community; qualified fellow monks perform the appropriate ceremony during the confession ceremony of the fifteenth of the lunar month (132). At first to be accepted as a monk it was enough to take refuge in front of the Buddha. Then special rules were instituted. To be a monk or a nun became a matter of maintaining regulations.Aspirant needs to assume vows. To enter the Buddhist community novice have to pass a long way. According to Beijing, vows of personal are of seven categories when distinguished according to the person: the [vows of the] monk (bhik? u), the nun (bhik? uni), the male novice (srama? era), the female novice (srama? erika), the layman practitioner (upasaka), the laywoman practitioner (upasi?ka), and the postulant nun (sik? amana) (122). In the original procedure for conferring monastic ordination, the aspirant became a monk without any complex ritual. The present-day procedure confers ordination with a considerable amount of ritual. Beijing recorded several ways in which persons became instantaneously ordained as monks and nuns. For example by accepting the eight severe precepts:To receive ordination from monks; to await announce ment of the proper date for the fortnightly confession from monks; to participate in the rainy season retreat near a place where monks are also in retreat; to attend the ceremony of lifting of restrictions (imposed during the rainy season retreat) in an assembly of both monks and nuns; to serve respectfully both monks and nuns if one has transgressed any of these eight precepts ; not to reveal the corrupted morals of monks; not to reproach a monk; to behave respectfully (prostrating and so forth) toward the community of monks, including prostrating before a newly ordained monk.(89) The ceremonies that confer the lay practitioner vows or the novice vows on a woman are essentially the same as those for a man, except for the aspirant being referred to as â€Å"the woman known as†¦ ,† instead of â€Å"the man known as†¦ ,† and the additional questions posed to the woman. The precepts of the postulant nun may be assumed at the age of eighteen in the case of one wh o has not been married and at the age of ten in the case of a woman who has been married. This ordination is conferred by a group of twelve nuns through a two-part ceremony including proposal.A female novice must receive the postulant nun's vows and observe them for two years before she can receive full ordination as a nun. The aspirant nun should give the vow for strict observance of celibacy. Beijing mentions that a woman cannot receive this vow if she has any of the following five obstacles: having both the male and female organ or having neither; menstruating continuously or having no menstruation; having no feeling in the vagina; and having been a nun before (178). The bestowal of this vow constitutes the intermediate part of the nun's ordination.In the first part, her request to become a nun is forwarded to the abbess with a report on whether she is free from obstacles to her ordination (not having received permission from family or husband, being pregnant, etc. ). The second part of the ceremony consists of her request for the vows of strict observance of celibacy, which is forwarded to the abbess along with a report confirming that she will abide by such a vow (determined from further questioning), and the final agreement by the abbess which signals the conferral of the vow.In the third part, she is fully ordained by a group of both monks and nuns. An extensive explanation of the rules for nuns concludes the ceremony. Then the full ordination is bestowed in the presence of group of nuns augmented by a group of ordaining monks. At the conclusion of the ceremony, the preceptor instructs the new nun on the twelve points of discipline, which include the eight defeating offenses, the eight severe precepts, and other rules.However, it should be mentioned that the traditions for the ordinations of the postulant and fully ordained nun were never introduced in Tibet. Once became a nun, female practitioner of Buddhism must observe three hundred and sixty-four ru les: not to commit the eight defeating offenses that constitute root downfalls, twenty partially defeating acts, thirty-three downfalls involving forfeiture, one hundred and eighty downfalls requiring confession alone, eleven downfalls to be individually confessed, and one hundred and twelve minor infractions.In Buddhism, vows are viewed in many ways, depending on the context of the discussion, but generally the ethical systems are designated as three sets of vows, as two sets of vows, or as one all-inclusive vow. The three sets of vows spoken of throughout all divisions of the Buddhist scriptures are those of personal liberation (pratimok? a), of meditative absorption (dhyana), and of the uncontaminated (anasrava) vows. These are essentially identical to the three forms of training on the Buddhist path: the development of morality, meditation, and wisdom.In fact, in order to gain the different types of enlightenment of their systems, proclaimers (Rravaka), solitary sages (pratyekab uddha), and bodhisattvas must forsake disturbing emotions and other obstacles on their paths by cultivating an uncontaminated discriminative awareness which is developed by training in wisdom. This discriminative awareness is grounded in mental quiescence achieved by training in meditation, and mental quiescence is developed on the basis of training in pure morality.The proclaimers' system speaks of two sets of ethics, each with three vows: the vows of a lay practitioner, novice, and monk (or nun); and the vows of body, speech, and mind. The three vows in the scriptures of the Universal Way (mahayana) refer to the processes of refraining from the unwholesome, of aiming at acquiring good qualities, and of working for the benefit of all living beings. These are also known as the three trainings, or ethics, of the bodhisattva. The tantras speak of four sets of ethics, each with three vows.The first set includes the commitments of awakening mind, the vows related to the creation phase, and those related to the completion phase. The second set includes the pledges of the Buddha's body, speech, and mind. The third set, as taught by the great adept Vitapada, consists in not conforming to the practice of accepting what is good and rejecting what is bad with respect to any physical, verbal, or mental action. The fourth set includes the vows of personal liberation, the bodhisattva commitments, and the pledges of the awareness holder (vidyadhara).The tantras also speak of two types of ethics: the common pledges received during the vase initiation of the five awarenesses (of the vase) and the stages of the initiation prior to these; and the uncommon ones received at the time of the irreversible vajra-master initiation. According to a different explanation, the two types of ethics in the tantras refer to the vows related to the creation phase and those related to the completion phase, also known as the outer and inner vows.Moreover, when the tantric adept assumes all the v ows of personal liberation, the bodhisattva commitments, and the tantric pledges, he or she maintains these ethics in both their outer and inner aspects. Works Cited Beijing, Chos ‘byung. The History of Buddhism in India and Tibet. Delhi: Sri Satguru, 1986. David-Neel, Alexandra. â€Å"Edge of Tibet†, AATA 44:1 (January 1944): 26-29. Chang-tu Hu. China: Its People, Its Society, Its Culture. New Haven, CT: HRAF Press, 1960. Havnevik, Hanna. Tibetan Buddhist Nuns.History, Cultural Norms and Social Reality. Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1989. Kerr, Blake. Sky burial : an eyewitness account of China's brutal crackdown in Tibet. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1997. Shen, Tsung-lien and Liu, Shen-chi. Tibet and the Tibetans. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1977. Tucci, Guiseppe. The Religions of Tibet. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980. Tsomo, Karma Lekshe. Innovative Buddhist Women: Swimming against the Stream. Richmond: Curzon Press Limited, 2000.

The Importance of the Proclamation of 1763

The Importance of the Proclamation of 1763 At the end of the French and Indian War (1756-1763), France gave much of the Ohio and Mississippi Valley along with Canada to the British. The American colonists were happy with this, hoping to expand into the new territory. In fact, many colonists purchased new land deeds or were granted them as part of their military service. However, their plans were disrupted when the British issued the Proclamation of 1763. Pontiacs Rebellion The stated purpose of the Proclamation was to reserve the lands west of the Appalachian mountains for Indians. As the British began the process of taking over their newly gained lands from the French, they encountered major problems with the Native Americans who lived there. Anti-British feelings ran high, and a number of groups of Native Americans such as the Algonquins, Delawares, Ottawas, Senecas, and Shawnees joined together to make war against the British. In May 1763, the Ottawa laid siege to Fort Detroit as other Native Americans arose to fight against British outposts throughout the Ohio River Valley. This was known as Pontiacs Rebellion after the Ottawa war leader who helped lead these frontier attacks.  By the end of the summer, thousands of British soldiers, settlers, and traders were killed before the British fought the Native Americans to a stalemate. Issuing the Proclamation of 1763 In order to avoid further wars and increase cooperation with the Native Americans, King George III  issued the Proclamation of 1763 on October 7th. The proclamation included many provisions. It annexed the French islands of Cape Breton and St. Johns. It also set up four imperial governments in Grenada, Quebec, and East and West Florida. Veterans of the French and Indian War were granted lands in those new areas. However, the point of contention for many colonists was  that  colonists were forbidden from settling west of the Appalachians or beyond the headlands of the rivers that eventually flowed into the Atlantic Ocean.  As the Proclamation itself stated:   And whereas it is ...essential to Our Interest and the Security of Our Colonies, that the several Nations...of Indians...who live under Our Protection should not be molested or disturbed...no Governor...in any of Our other Colonies or Plantations in America, [is allowed to]  grant Warrants of Survey, or pass Patents for any Lands beyond the Heads or Sources of any of the Rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean.... In addition, the British restricted Native American trade only to individuals licensed by parliament. We...require that no private Person do presume to make any Purchase from the said Indians of any Lands reserved to the said Indians.... The British would have power over the area including trade and westward expansion. Parliament sent thousands of troops to enforce the proclamation along the stated border.   Unhappiness Amongst  the Colonists The colonists were greatly upset by this proclamation. Many had bought up land claims in the now forbidden territories. Included in this number were  future important colonists  such as George Washington,  Benjamin Franklin, and the Lee family. There was a feeling that the king wanted to keep the settlers confined to the eastern seaboard.  Resentment also ran high over the restrictions placed on trade with the Native Americans. However, many individuals including George Washington felt that the measure was only temporary in order to ensure greater peace with the Native Americans. In fact, the Indian commissioners pushed forward a plan to increase the area allowed for settlement, but the crown never gave final approval to this plan. British soldiers attempted with limited success to make settlers in the new area leave and stop new settlers from crossing the border. Native American land was now being encroached upon again leading to new problems with the tribes. Parliament had committed up to 10,000 troops to be sent to the region, and as the issues grew, the British increased their presence by inhabiting former French frontier fort and constructing additional defensive works along the proclamation line. The costs of this increased presence and construction would result in increased taxes among  the colonists, eventually causing the discontent that would lead to the American Revolution. Source:   George Washington to William Crawford, September 21, 1767, Account Book 2.  George Washington to William Crawford, September 21, 1767, Account Book 2. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2014.

Study of the Effect of Systems of Vulcanization on the Properties of Natural Rubber (RSS).

Study of the Effect of Systems of Vulcanization on the Properties of Natural Rubber (RSS). Free Online Research Papers Abstract: Dynamic vulcanization of natural rubber (RSS) was studied. The effect of methods of vulcanization, i.e. sulphur, sulphurless and peroxide on mechanical, rheological properties, thermal ageing and weathering tests were investigated. Swelling behavior of when using sulphur, sulphurless and peroxide were investigated. Accelerators of mercapto class gave medium scorch time they gave faster onset of cure than peroxide but slower than thiurams which gave the fastest onset of cure of accelerators as a whole, Viscosity of the compounds tended to increase from peroxide, sulphurless, to sulphur system. Vulcanizates with thiuram and a little sulphur showed higher tensile strength, elongation at break and lower modulus than sulphur system. The peroxide system was lower in tensile strength than both sulphur and sulphur-less system but had higher elasticity value more than other systems Thiuram cured accelerators with low sulphur gave better resistance to ageing than sulphur system. Perox ide vulcanizates gave excellent ageing characteristics. In toluene the resistance was weak for all systems however it showed the smallest ratio in peroxide system. Sulphur system showed the best resistance for processing oil (37) and peroxide system showed more resistivety than sulphur-less system Key words: rubber, mechanical properties, viscosity, swelling, ATR-FTIR, ageing 1. Introduction Vulcanization is an important stage for manufacturing rubber products, which deals with the formation of three dimensional networks. By this means, the overall elasticity and strength of rubber products could be achieved. In general, there are three main types of rubber vulcanization, namely, sulphur, sulphur-less and peroxide vulcanization. Sulphur vulcanization is the most popular system for general purpose diene rubbers (NR, IR, SBR, and BR). Owing to its low cost, easy availability, good processing and physical properties. By using accelerators, the efficiency of the rubber-sulphur reaction can be improved the activation energy of vulcanization decreases from 270 kJ/mol to 80-125 kJ/mol the number of sulphur atoms required to form each crosslink reduces from 40-50 to below 10 (1 and 2).Articles cured on the low-sulphur vulcanization have good resistance to ageing . It should be notted that that this property depends on the amount of free sulphur at the vulcanizate. The smaller this amount, the better the resistance to ageing. Very small proportion of sulphur don’t appreciably reduce the ageing resistance but they raise the degree of cross linkage very much and it is therefore customary to use some sulphur in conjunction with thiuram accelerator (3 and 4).Despite giving relatively low mechanical properties, the peroxide vulcanization is still used in the rubber products requiring high thermal resistance. Peroxides typically react with the rubber molecules via the hydrogen abstraction, leading to highly active sites on rubber molecules known as free radicals. The main key responsible for properties of the peroxide cured vulcanizates is, in general, the state of cure normally depends mainly on cure temperature (5). 2. Materials and methods Table (1):Details of materials: Material. Ingredients. Elastomer. Ribbed Smoked Sheets (RSS). Filler. High Abrasion Furnace Carbon black (HAF). Accelerators Tetra methyl thiuram disulphide (TMTD) Mercaptobenz thiazole (MBT). Dibenz thiazyl disulphide (MBTS). Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) Di-o-tolylguanidine(DOTG) Activators. Zinc oxide Stearic acid Softeners. Processing oil 37 Anti oxidant. Antioxidant irganox 1010. 2.1. Mixing and vulcanization procedures This was accomplished on a laboratory calender with two horizontal cylinders (200mm. diameter and working length of 400 mm) the revolving speed of the front slower cylinder was 16 r.p.m. and hind roll speed 20 r.p.m . The hollow cylinders were cooled by means of flushing water in order to regulate temperature not to exceed 60 ?C during different stages of mixing. The mix kept at room temperature for 24 h before testing. Table (2): Compounding ingredients incorporated in RSS during vulcanization according to different systems of vulcanization. Composition (phr) S S-less Peroxide RSS 100 100 100 Zinc oxide 5 5 5 Stearic acid 1 1 1 Antioxidantirganox1010 1 1 1 Carbon black (HAF) 45 45 45 Processing oil (37) 5 5 5 Sulphur 2.5 0.5 MBTS 1 MBT 1.5 TMTD 2.5 DOTG 1 DCP 3 2.2. Cure Characteristics Cure characteristics were studied using a Monsanto Moving Die Rheometer (Zwick 4308) according to ASTM D 2240-93. Samples (4 g) of the respective compounds were tested at the vulcanization temperature (150 ?C). The use of this curemeter and standardized values read from the curve is specified in ASTM D 2084. Some of these recommended values that are important to know for this study are ML: Minimum torque in N.m or lbf.in. MH: Maximum torque where curve plateaus are in N.m or lbf.in. tx: Minutes to x% of torque increase, tx = minutes for torque value equivalent to In rubber terminology, t90 is defined as â€Å"optimum cure time† ML + x(MH ? ML)/100. 2.3. Mooney Viscosity. Mooney viscometer is probably the most widely used method for measuring the quality of natural rubber (6). This viscometer was invented by Melvin Mooney, US Rubber Company, in the 1930s and is now used to measure the viscosity of both natural and synthetic rubber worldwide. This method consists of rotating a special serrated rotor while embedded in a rubber sample within a sealed, pressurized, serrated, temperature controlled cavity. The rotor turns at a constant rate of 2.0 revolutions min?1 (0.21 rad s?1) and the resulting torque is measured. This test imparts a shear rate of only 1 s?1 (7). The Mooney viscosity results are reported in arbitrary Mooney Units (MU) which is based on torque as defined by ISO 289 and ASTM D1646. The Mooney viscosity was determined by using a Monsanto automatic Mooney viscometer (MV 2000) at 120 ?C. The testing procedure was conducted according to the method described in ASTM D 1646-94. : 2.4. Vulcanization Process Rubber sheets (3 mm thick) were compression moulded at 150 ?C with force of 10 MPa using a hot press according to respective cure times, t90, determined with the (Zwick 4308). 2.5. Tensile Properties Dumb-bell-shaped samples were cut from the moulded sheets according to ASTM D 412. Tensile test were performed at a cross-head speed of 500 mm/min. Tensile testing was carried out with (universal testing material Zwick 1425) 2.6 Hardness Properties Samples of at least 12 mm thickness with flat surface were cut for hardness test. The measurement was according to ASTM D2240 using Durometer of Model 306L Type A. The unit of hardness is expressed in (A Shore). 2.7. Rebound Resilience Rebound resilience is a very basic form of dynamic test in which the test Piece is subjected to one half-cycle of deformation only. The strain is applied by impacting the test piece with an indentor which is free to rebound after the impact. Rebound resilience is defined as the ratio of the energy of the indentor after impact to its energy before impact expressed as a percentage and, hence, in the case where the indentor falls under gravity, is equal to the ratio of rebound height to the drop height, which is the measure square of velocities before and after impact and timing gates have been added to apparatus to enable automation of the data reading. The test is performed by (digi test Ruckprall 567 BJ.06). 2.8. Swelling Study Swelling was studied in toluene, benzene and processing oil 37; according to ASTM D 471-79. Cured test pieces of the compounds of dimension 30Ãâ€"5Ãâ€"2 mm were weighed using an electrical balance and this was taken to be the initial weight, M1(8). Calculation of the change in mass was as follows: Swelling percentage= [(M2?M1)/M1] Ãâ€"100 Where M1 is the initial mass of specimen (g) and M2 is the mass of specimen (g) after immersion. When a cross linked polymer is brought into contact with a solvent, the network absorbs a certain amount of liquid which depends strongly on the molecular weight of this liquid and the degree of cross linking of the polymer (9and 10).The mass and dimensions of the polymer will be changed due to the penetration of the solvent into the swollen specimen. Therefore, the swelling process may lead to deformation or destruction of the sample microstructure. May result in the absorption of the liquid, extraction of soluble constituents and chemical reaction. The volume change is a good general measure of the resistance of a rubber to a given liquid. A high degree of swelling indicates that the rubber is not suitable for use in that environment (11). 2.9. ATR-FTIR Measurements Were run with a JASCO instrument (FT/IR-6100typeA in the following conditions: wave number range: 600-4000 cm-1; aperture setting: 3.5mm mm; scanner velocity: 2.2 kHz; background scan time: 32 sec; sample scan time: 32 sec; resolution6 cm–1; beam splitter: KBr; angle of incident radiation: 45o. After recording, the ATR-FTIR spectra were converted into transmission FTIR spectra. The plate samples (6 x 6 mm) were simply posed on the sampling stage, in intimate contact with the optical element, a hemi cylindrical prism of SeZn (called Internal Reflection Element (IRE)). The incident radiation arrives onto the sample with a certain angle usually, between 30 and 60o) to the normal of the sample plane. Then, the reflected (beam is collected by a mirror, which focuses the reflected radiation onto the detector. 2.10. Aging of Rubber The effects of aging on rubber were studied in many researches to determine the time-dependent effects on NR compounds. The bulk of the research into the aging of rubber has concentrated on the oxidative effects. Oxidative effects occur when oxygen attacks the unsaturated bond along the backbone of the poly isoprene (12). Braden and Gent (13). have defined the characteristics of static crack growth due to ozone. They concluded the following: critical tearing energy is necessary for cracks to grow, crack length increases linearly with time, and the rate of crack growth is proportional to the ozone concentration. Lake and Lindley (14). expanded the work of Braden and Gent by examining the role of ozone in the cracking and fatigue of rubber. Lake (15). demonstrated that there is a threshold value for tearing energy below which all crack growth is attributable to ozone. LaCounta et al. (16). Studied tire rubber subject to aging due to multiple factors. They developed an outdoor acceler ated aging simulator, using a number of aging factors. The aging factors included heat, ozone, UV light, dynamic stretching, and aqueous solutions. 2.10. 1. Thermal Ageing The air ageing was conducted in an air oven (modelFC712, Blue M Electrical Co.) at various times at 90 ?C the aged samples were allowed to rest at room temperature for 16 h and the physical properties were then measured. 2.10. 2. Weathering Ageing Experiments were carried out in a modified Q-Panel QUV ® weathering device equipped with UVA-340 lamps. A partition of polycarbonate panels was placed down the centerline of the instrument and sealed with silicone RTV to isolate the two sides. The water chamber was sealed on one side to eliminate humidity. Copper coils cooled with flowing tap water were placed near the center wall of both sides. Two 4? muffin fans were mounted inside each half to circulate air. The fans were mounted in unused sample positions to bring in outside air and more cooling.) The wiring was modified to allow heating of the water chamber independently from the light cycle timer. By passing dry compressed air into the â€Å"dry† side, the relative humidity could be maintained at nearly 0%. By bubbling air though the water bath (maintained at 45  °C), the relative humidity could be maintained at about 45%.Samples with formulations shown in Table1were cut to 0.5? Ãâ€" 1.25? (1.3 Ãâ€" 3.2 cm) and adhered to the center portion of a 6? Ãâ€" 12? aluminum panel using silicone RTV in a single 3 Ãâ€" 9 array. In this series, the samples were exposed to U.V for 200 hours. The samples were subjected to rain, wind and humidity conditions in an alternative manner every 3 minutes for a half minute. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Rheometer properties Table (3): Data obtained by an oscillating disc rheometer for the vulcanization process using different accelerators and different system of vulcanization of RSS. Rheometer Properties S S-less Peroxide Scorch time(minute) 2.3 1.746 1.976 Optimum cure time 10.19 4.28 30 (minute) Rate cure index 12.67 39.46 3.56 (minute-1) t1( initiation time) 2.2 1.7 1.9 M max (Nm) 3.3 3.6 3.05 (maximum torque). M min (Nm) 0.4 0.9 0.885 (minimum torque). The lowest value of optimum cures of the three vulcanization systems (highest rate cure index) in the sulphur-less system, low sulphur vulcanization with thiuram accelerator gave a very good vulcanization plateau, the sulphur system of vulcanization using mercapto accelerators (semi ultra accelerator) gave a faster onset of cure than peroxide system which gave longer cure time and shorter induction time .The minimum torque, a measure of the stock viscosity, showed a slight increase with sulphur-less system this indicated that the processing ability of the compounds became a little more difficult, rubber was already cross-linked, and didn’t easily flow in the matrix, so would reduce the flow and consequently increased the torque 3.2 Viscosity Properties Table (4): Viscosity results according to different systems of vulcanization Viscosity Properties S S-less Peroxide MV (Mooney Viscosity) 36 31.5 29.9 LM (Lowest Mooney) 35.7 31.4 29.8 MAX.Mooney 74.2 58.5 54.9 (Maximum Mooney) MrLX Mooney 2.1 1.3 1 (Stress Relaxation) Table (4) represents the effect of accelerator type on Mooney viscosity Even though only a small amount of accelerator it noticeably influenced the Mooney viscosity of the compound. Obviously, the results revealed that the compound viscosity depends on the accelerator type, i.e., viscosity of the compound tended to increase from DCP, TMTD, MBTS to MBT. It could be observed that the effect of accelerator type on compound viscosity corresponds well with the melting point of the accelerators (the melting points of DCP, TMTD, MBTS and MBT are 38, 137,175 and 179.1  °C, respectively). The higher the melting point of the accelerator, the greater the Mooney viscosity of the compound In addition to the compound viscosity the torque increases for a few seconds to a maximum value (Vmax), then decreases very rapidly to reach a minimum value LM) in many cases, and lastly rises again at varying speeds to a plateau (VR or ML (1+4)120) reached after 2–4 min depending on the sample. 3.3. Physico-mechanical Properties Vulcanizates with thiuram and a little sulphur has a synergism effect giving a good cross linking. Thus having higher tensile strength, elongation at break and lower modulus than sulphur system. The peroxide system was lower in tensile strength than both sulphur and sulphur-less system but had higher elasticity value more than other systems Table (5): Physico-mechanical properties of RSS according to different system of vulcanization. Physico-mechanical S S-less Peroxide Properties Tensile strength 155 214 122 (Kg/cm2) Elongation at break % 718 816 540 Modulus at 200% 33 31 35 Hardness(shore A) 64.7 63.3 59.1 Elasticity% 35 37 39 Hardness showed a slight increase via vulcanization with sulphur system rather than vulcanization with thiuram system and the modulus value was higher in sulphur system than sulphur-less system which was higher than peroxide system. 3.4. Results of Equilibrium Swelling in Toluene, Benzene and processing oil. The obtained value of swelling in processing oil 37 showed that sulphur system gave the best resistance for oil and peroxide system showed more resistivety than sulphur-less system, in toluene and benzene peroxide system showed the best resistance Figure 1: Equilibrium swelling of RSS in toluene, benzene and processing oil 37 3.5. ATR-FTIR Measurement of RSS According to Different Systems ofVulcanization By changing the system ofvulcanization ,incorporation of different accelerators characteristic peaks appeared elucidating each system and difference between bonds formed via each system 3.5.1.ATR-FTIR Measurement of Sulphur System of RSS Figure 2: IR spectra of sulphur system of RSS Very weak signals for the samples range4000-3200cm-1 for the samples the vibrations responsible for bands in this region are O-H stretching organic acids and phenols it was obvious at peak 3703Cm-1. we assume that the activator (stearic acid) and the antioxidant ignorax1010 were completely incorporated in the polymer blends the same assumption should be considered in the case of the other polymer additives , the peak at 2926Cm-1 corresponded to C-H stretch, the C=O group of saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids was absorbed at 1687 Cm-1, the peak at 1606 Cm-1 due to symmetric ring stretch corresponded to aromatic accelerators, antioxidant and processing oil incorporated , peak at 1528 Cm-1 due to carboxylate ester., CH2 scissoring bend is represented by peak at 1459 Cm-1,C-N tertiary amine due to thiazole accelerators represented by peak at 1283 Cm-1, peak at 889 Cm-1 due to vinyl C-H bend, peak at 724 Cm-1 represented CH2S,Peak at 574Cm-1due to S-S stretching 3.5.2. ATR-FTIR Measurement of Sulphur- less System of RSS Figure 3: IR spectra of sulphur-less system of RSS Peak at 3297Cm-1 and Very weak signals for the samples range 4000-3300 Cm-1 vibrations responsible for bands in this region are O-H stretching organic acids, phenols and N-H stretch aromatic secondary amine due to incorporation of DOTG accelerator , the peak at 2926Cm-1 corresponds to C-H stretch the C=O group of saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids absorbed at 1748 Cm-1 , the peak at 1600 Cm-1 due to the symmetric ring stretch , peak at 1550 Cm-1 due to carboxylate ester., CH2 scissoring bend appeared at 1428 Cm-1,C-N tertiary amine due to incorporation of TMTD represented by peak at 1375 ,1283 Cm-1 , Peak at 1247 Cm-1 indicated DOTG aromatic secondary amine stretch , Peak at 1043Cm-1due to C-O ether linkage, peak at 878 Cm-1 due to vinyl C-H bend , Peak at 746 Cm-1 due to CH2 rocking, peak at 665 Cm-1 due to thio ether stretch, peak at 724 Cm-1 represented CH2S, Peak at 574 Cm-1 indicated S-S stretching. 3.5.3. ATR-FTIR Measurement of Peroxide System of RSS Figure 4: IR spectra of peroxide system of RSS Peak at 3254 Cm-1 and Very weak signals for the samples range 4000-3200 cm-1 responsible for bands in this region are O-H stretching organic acids and phenols the C=O group of saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids absorbed at 1750 Cm-1 the peak at 2926Cm-1 corresponded to C-H stretch, the peak at 1600 Cm-1 due to the symmetric ring stretch , peak at 1533 cm–1 due to carboxylate ester,CH2 scissoring bend is represented by peak at 1422 Cm-1, peak at 1262 Cm-1 due to aromatic ether , peak at 1031 Cm-1 due to C-O ether linkage, peak at 877 Cm-1 due to vinyl C-H bend , peak at 745 Cm-1 due to CH2 rocking , peak at 685 Cm-1 due to Cis C-H bend , here it was observed the lack of S-bonding characteristic peaks 3.6. Ageing Properties 3.6.1. Change in Physico-mechanical Properties of Aged Samples at 90 ?C (Geer Ageing) for Different Periods According to Different Systems of Vulcanization of RSS. Peroxide vulcanizates gave excellent ageing characteristics, thiuram cured accelerators with low sulphur had a better resistance to ageing than sulphur system. 3.6.1.1.Change in Tensile Strength (Kg/Cm2) Upon thermal ageing at 90 ?C, all the systems of vulcanization showed a further increase in tensile strength. And then decreased .This was due to the formation of additional crosslinks during thermal ageing Rubber samples are usually cured in industry only to 90%. The allowance of 10% is generally kept to accommodate the introduction of crosslinks in the matrix during service. When were subjected to thermal ageing at 90 ?C, the formation of additional crosslinks got accelerated. However, the tensile strength of all samples decreased due to the degradation of crosslinks. Figure 5: Effect of thermal ageing on tensile strength of RSS according to different systems of vulcanization 3.6.1.2. Change in Elongation at Break% The effects of different cross linking systems on elongation at break of un aged and aged samples are represented below. It had been found that the elongation at break of the vulcanisates decreased due to thermal ageing. The decrease in elongation at break could be attributed to the weakening of the matrix after thermal ageing. However, in peroxide system the increase in number of cross links may also contribute it. Figure 6: Effect of thermal ageing on elongation at break % of RSS according to different systems of vulcanization 3.6.1.3. Change in Modulus at 200% The modulus increased after ageing at 90 ?C. This was probably due to the formation of additional crosslinks. The modulus was found to increase with the periods of subjecting the samples to accelerated ageing till 250 hours. Figure 7: Effect of thermal ageing on modulus at 200 % of RSS according to different systems of vulcanization 3.6.1.4. Change in Hardness (Shore) The hardness was found to increase with the periods of subjecting the samples to accelerated ageing till 250 hours. Figure 8: Effect of thermal ageing on hardness of RSS according to different systems of vulcanization 3.6.1.5. Change in Elasticity % The elasticity was deteriorated for all the samples and the deterioration increased with increasing the period of subjection to accelerated ageing. Figure 9: Effect of thermal ageing on elasticity % of RSS according to different systems of vulcanization 3.6.2. Deterioration in Physico-mechanicalProperties of RSS After 200 Hours Using Xenon Apparatus (Weathering Test Results) It was found that peroxide system gave the best resistance of all systems used to U.V, radiation, artificial rain and hot air produced by xenon apparatus. The effects of different crosslinking systems on elongation at break of un aged and aged systems are represented in Table 6. It had been found that the tensile strength and elongation at break of the vulcanisates decreased due to weathering ageing. The decrease in elongation at break could be attributed to the weakening of the matrix. The modulus and hardness were found to increase with the periods of subjecting the samples to accelerated weathering test. The elasticity was deteriorated for all the samples Table (6): Deterioration effect due to subjecting RSS mixtures to weathering ageing Deterioration% S S-less peroxide Tensile strength (kg/cm2) 10.32 8.87 5.7 Elongation at break% 13.64 8.08 6.8 Modulus at 200% -14.2 -12.1 -9.6 Hardness(shore) -4.48 -4.2 -3.38 Elasticity% 8.5 5.1 3.5 (deterioration %) = (value before ageing – value after ageing) / value before ageing Ãâ€" 100 Conclusion Since the crosslinking are carbon-carbon bonds peroxide vulcanizates gave excellent ageing characteristics and high resilience, but their strength tear, and mechanical properties were inferior to sulphur and sulphurless vulcanizates the cure rate was slow and the induction periods was short. Thiuram cured accelerators with low sulphur have better resistance to ageing than sulphur system and good physico-mechanical properties that is characteristic of sulphurless crosslinking reactions. In toluene the resistance was very weak for all systems however it showed the smallest ratio in peroxide system. Sulphur system showed the best resistance for processing oil (37) and peroxide system showed more resistively than sulphurless system. The weathering test showed that deterioration is at least in peroxide system. Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to all staff members of National Research Center, A.R.E for helpful suggestions. References (1) L. Bateman, C.G. Moore, M. Porter and B. Saville. In: L. Bateman, Editor, The chemistry and physics of rubber-like substances, Wiley, New York (1963) [Chapter 19]. (2) Moore, C.G. and M. PORTE (1962). ? THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Natural Rubber Vulcanizates , Revenue General Caoutchouk,vol. 39, p 1768. (3) W. Hofmann, Vulcanization and vulcanizing agents. , Maclaren, London (1967). (4) B.H. To. Rubb. World 217 August (1998), p. 19. (5) R.L. Fan, Y. Zhang, F. Li, Y.X. Zhang, K. Sun and Y.Z. Fan. Polym. Test.20 (2001), p. 925 (6) Bristow GM, Westall B. Molecular weight distribution of natural rubber. Polymer, London, 8:609. (7) Brown RP. Guide to Rubber and Plastics Test Equipment, 3rd ed. Shawbury, RAPRA Technology, 1989. p. 22. (8) H. Ismail and S. Suzaimah. Polym. Testing 19 (2000), p. 879. (9) H.J. Cantow and R.H. Rschuster Polym. Bull. 8 (1982), p. 225. (10) A.N. Gent and G.L. Lui J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. 29 (1991), p. 1313 (11) A. Tager, Physical Chemistry of Polymers. , Mir, Moscow (1972). (12) G.J. Lake, Aspects of fatigue and fracture of rubber, Prog. Rubber Technol. (1983), pp. 89–143. (13) B.J. LaCounta, J.M. Castroa and F. Ignatz-Hoover, Development of a service-simulating, accelerated aging test method for exterior tire rubber compounds, J. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 75 (2002), pp. 213–227 (14)G.J. Lake and P.B. Lindley, Role of ozone in dynamic cut growth of rubber, J. Appl. Sci.9(1965), pp. 231–254. [15] B. Amram, L. Bokobza, J.P. Queslel and L. Monnerie, Fourier-transform infrared dichroism study of molecular orientation in synthetic high cis-1,4-polyisoprene and in natural rubber, Polymer 27 (1986), pp. 877–882. [16] R.M. Fischer and W.D. Ketola, Error analysis and associated risks for accelerated weathering results. In: J.W. Martin, R.A. Ryntz and R.A. Dickie, Editors, Service life prediction: challenging the status quo, Federation of societies for coatings technology (2005), pp. 79–92. Research Papers on Study of the Effect of Systems of Vulcanization on the Properties of Natural Rubber (RSS).Riordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export QuotasIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part One19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

CDE website search and critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CDE website search and critique - Essay Example The author states that factors such as influx and transient mobility of students aren’t considered a factor; neither is the impact of ESL students. Due to such mobility, critical data is missing in the overall evaluation of this approach. His argument is sound and the resources support his paper. The author tries to be objective in his approach to the data; however, decides that due to multiple flaws, it’s not relevant as there are many important factors left out. He includes another article giving more specific data about who is responsible for student learning; perhaps this was his attempt at objectivity. He sides with the educator; he is also an educator with a job to protect. He doesn’t go into any details on how the evaluation could be more objectively done, or offer any alternatives to ways in which teacher evaluations could be more indicative of their efforts at education as opposed to the students’ performances. It is, indeed, a twofold approach wh ich provides the most objective picture and the fairest evaluation of teachers’ impact in the classroom; careful combination of teacher innovation and student readiness is involved. References Epstein, Marc. A Teacher Wonders: Can Grading Teachers Work? American Teacher. Fall 2008, p 14-17. American Federation of Teachers. Web. April 8, 2011.

What has gone wrong with Williams teams efforts and what should be Case Study - 1

What has gone wrong with Williams teams efforts and what should be done to ensure a successful outcome for the team - Case Study Example The group dynamic theory highlights on the social and psychological changes that come up in workplaces (David and Frank 2000). It helps in the comprehension of behaviours that come up due to team or group work in businesses. Communication styles play a significant role in the interpersonal relationships that emerge in workplaces. The bonds among workers contribute directly to the success or failure of the company. â€Å"†¦the success of an organization can depend on the levels of team work it employs† (Hartley & Bruckmann, 2008, p.311). Felix is a new employee who has social problems. He does not relate well with other employees and the company manager claims that his character is affecting the profits. Lack of teamwork has contributed to the failure of the company since it has not acquired the set goals and objectives. The main setback is the lack of communication skills and interpersonal relationships at the work place. Felix is competent, but â€Å"Developing sending skills meets only half the requirements for communicating effectively† (David & Frank, 2000, p. 147). He does not want to join groups and causal office conversation, is considered as a loner, and does want to share ideas with other employees. The employer considers his behaviour as a setback to the company because he cannot blend in with other employees. Teamwork requires that all members help each other to overcome problems that emerge in the business. â€Å"Groups and teams have assumed greater prominence in organisations in the past few decades†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Eunson, 2005, p. 566). According to the dynamic theory, it insists on teamwork among employees since interpersonal relationships help in the growth of the business. â€Å"Members of groups act together to achieve common aims or goals† (Eunson, 2005, p. 567). However, Felix does not socialize outside the workplace. He is seen not contributing to fellow employees debates while they are having a drink.

Does the term 'risk society' capture important features of recent Essay

Does the term 'risk society' capture important features of recent social changes - Essay Example al pollution, and new terrorism which shape the social changes such as increased social accountability, availability of information and most importantly a general paranoia within the society. ‘Risk can be defined in the risk society as a systematic way of dealing with hazards and insecurities induced and introduced by modernization itself’ (Beck 1992: 21). The most palpable point about risk is the main difference between risk and disaster. Risk does not necessarily mean disaster. Risk is actually the anticipation of disaster. Therefore it can be said that risks exist in an everlasting state of virtuality, and only become ‘relevant’ to the degree that they are likely. Risks are not ‘real’; they are in fact ‘becoming real’. ‘As soon as risks become real say an act of terrorism destroying the financial heart of New York - they cease to be risks and become catastrophes. Risks have already moved elsewhere: to the anticipation of further attacks, economic decline, or worldwide war.’ (Loon 2002) There has been a transformation in the awareness of risk by society. We have evolved to a society’ where what is significant is not whether the number or nature of risks have increased in their gravity, but that people feel that this is so and react accordingly. Obsessive worrying about ‘risk’ in contemporary social life has little to do with the actual frequency of life-threatening dangers. On the level of a single lifetime, i.e. in terms of life expectancy and level of freedom from grave disease, people in the modern societies are in a much more privileged position than were most in bygone eras. An imposing list follows of the ways in which the material security has been improved in modern societies; even so it is balanced by a list of fresh risks: terrorism, motor accidents, drugs, environmental pollution, etc. Both can be seen as results of the modernization. In terms of basic life security, nonetheless, the risk-reducing elements seem