Miranda Rights free essay sample

The connection between the Escobedo and Miranda laws is as per the following: The Escobedo law became effective in light of the fact that he was denied a lawyer, hence his admission to his wrongdoing of homicide was tossed out. In the Miranda case, his admission was likewise forbidden in light of the fact that he didn't know about his privileges to self-implication. The effect of the two choices caused the law to appear to secure the blameless and the blameworthy, that is the reason you are honest until demonstrated liable. Nobody was permitted to converse with police without a legal counselor present because of the chance of police hanging the words around, or the suspect not downplaying their privileges to stay quiet. Two years after the Miranda administering, Congress passed Title 18 Statue 3501, which seemed to abrogate Miranda and come back to the willfulness standard. This new sculpture influenced the Miranda administering in light of the fact that as long as the crooks admission was considered intentional under the fair treatment willfulness test, the admission is acceptable regardless of whether it was acquired before the individual was understood their Miranda arnings. We will compose a custom exposition test on Miranda Rights or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page These laws do both to ensure singular rights and simultaneously, give escape clauses to hoodlums. Everybody arrested has to realize their Constitutional rights to shield themselves from self implication. In any case, hoodlums can utilize this as a way to pull off a wrongdoing. For instance the U. S. v. Dickerson case. Mr. Dickerson admitted to burglarizing a bank, however afterward expressed he was not told his options, making the admission unacceptable in a courtroom.

Gender Roles in Hollywood Films

Sexual orientation Roles in Hollywood Films Development of Gender as Represented In Hollywood Film Hollywood’s capacity to represent or reflect society and history is one more factor in the investigation of mainstream society through their motion pictures. It is contended that Hollywood movies real traditionalist philosophies of sexism, yet in addition classism, man centric society and bigotry (Ryan Kelner, 1990). One can maybe comprehend the impact of famous standard social structures and the challenges in detaching sexual orientation as the deciding element in social relations in film on the off chance that I allude to the disputable lady focused film Waiting to Exhale (1995). A hopeful investigator may have noticed that Waiting to Exhale is an enabling women's activist content, anyway the gadgets used to farce and parody, albeit clever, are basically transformed paradigms and, as indicated by Bell Hooks (1997) are predicated upon switch dualisms of sexism and bigotry. Conversely the focal hypothesis in women's activist film analysis is that standard mainstream society, specifically Hollywood film, neglects to challenge predominant man centric structures in the public arena, sexual orientation being the sole signifier inside traditional women's activist hypothesis. To invigorate sex banter exclusively on this single praxis is to fortify the Enlightenment polarities that have educated traditional scholars. In this way the consequences of private enterprise and bigotry are issues that have regularly been nullified, both by old style women's activist hypothesis and made imperceptible inside standard mainstream society ostensibly reifying industrialist and Eurocentric authority (in the same place. 1997). Consistent to this examination, numerous contemporary scholars contend that sexual orientation isn't the sole determinant in portrayals of ladies and should in this manner be broke down as far as race and class. Henceforth portrayals in film are the aftereffects of triple belief systems, man centric society, bigotry and private enterprise. This paper tries to address three key regions. The topic of gendering in Hollywood film, the extent of women's activists examination in recognizing issues of race and class and the constraints of conventional women's activist investigation in evaluating these unpredictable issues. List of sources Snares, b. (1997) Reel to Real, Race, Sex and Class at the Movies London Routledge Kellner, D. Ryan, M. (1990) Camera Politica Bloomington Indiana University Press

Emotional Awareness Exercises for PTSD

Emotional Awareness Exercises for PTSD PTSD Coping Print Emotional Awareness Exercises for PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on July 29, 2019 Tracking your emotions and coping solutions works best if you write about your feelings when you experience them. Pixabay/luxstorm More in PTSD Coping Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions PTSD and the Military If you have PTSD, emotional awareness exercises can make an important difference in your life. Why? Because working to increase your emotional awareness can help you manage your PTSD more effectively. Coping Skills to Increase Emotional Awareness You can use a number of coping skills to monitor your emotions and increase your emotional awareness, including: Expressive writingSeeking out social supportSelf-soothingDeep breathing Youre probably using one or more of these. But not every coping skill is effective in every situation. So how do you know if the skills youre using are actually working in situations where you need to get strong emotions under control? An effective way to find out if a coping skill is working for you is to monitor your emotions and track how you coped with them in situations where they were strong enough to threaten your self-control. One of the emotional awareness exercises you can use appears below. Create an Emotion-Monitoring Worksheet Heres how: Find a sheet of paper or notebook if youll be writing in your responses, or start a new document on your computer.Whatever you use, make sure its something you can keep handy at all times. Why? Because the sooner you record the details of an emotional experience after it occurs, the more accurate your results will be.Draw columns 1 to 5 on the document.In drawing your columns, make sure they allow enough space to write about what happened and how you responded to it.At the top of column 1, write, Describe a situation where I felt a strong emotion, such as anger or fear.List as many details of the situation as possible.At the top of column 2, write My emotional awareness at the moment: What strong emotion did I feel in this situation?Describe the strong emotion you felt. If youre not sure what it was, try to describe what it felt like in your bodyâ€"for example, My heart was beating very fast. (You may want to practice identifying your emotions before starting this step.)At the top of column 3, write Rate the strength of my emotion from 0 to 100.Rate the strength of your emotion from 0 for not strong at all to 100 for extremely strong.At the top of column 4, write What was the main coping skill I used to manage the emotion?Describe the coping skill you usedâ€"for example, expressive writing, seeking out social support, self-soothing, or deep breathing.At the top of column 5, write My emotional awareness after using my coping skill: Rate the strength of my emotion from 0 to 100. Again, rate the strength of your emotion from 0 for not strong at all to 100 for extremely strong. Now, compare the strength of your emotion in column 5 to its strength in column 7. Did its strength change? If so, was it less strong, the same, or stronger? These results will show you how well your coping skill worked in this particular situation. You can use this worksheet over and over to monitor your emotions and test how well your coping skills work when strong emotions arise. Tips for Doing This Exercise Its important to be as descriptive as possible. The more information you record, the more clues youll have to figure out which coping skill works best for you in which emotionally stressful situation.Dont be concerned if you notice that the strength of your emotion doesnt change right away. Give yourself time to see results. It can help to repeat the same exercise every time you face a similar emotional situation. After a number of tries, you should start to feel more confident about your coping skills.What if you find that a certain coping skill doesnt work for a certain emotion in a certain situation? Dont be discouraged: Thats a learning experience, too. Try another coping skill the next time a similar emotional situation threatens to get out of control (be sure to record it on your worksheet). Over time, youll come to know how to manage strong emotions in many different situations.

American Values Family And Education - 1788 Words

Most American values include family and education. Yet, when combined it can cause strain, obstacles difficult to overcome, and stigmas. Being a single parent is not easy. Society says you should get married first, then have children. They also say, you should find a career path that will help you support your family. While society has their models for success things don’t always work out as individual’s plan, which is why I believe, single parents seeking secondary education need more assistance for child care. Currently, in Rhode Island child care assistance is offered to those in a specific training program or working at least twenty hours during the day per week. Child care is not offered to college students. I can remember when I first started college and I had a young child and was denied child care because I worked during night hours and the fact that I was a full time student did not count for anything. Luckily for me, my family and I all sat down to figure out a plan to make sure I could still continue to pursue my goals. My family was my child care system. This was very frustrating to me because you have to go through the whole process of applying, wait about 3-4 weeks just to be denied. I had a wonderful support system that stepped in at a turning point in my life, but it made me wonder. What happens to those that want to pursue school, have young children, and don’t have people they can depend on or trust? What about the parents trying to set a good example, butShow MoreRelatedAsian American And Asian Americans964 Words   |  4 PagesMany Asian Americans take great pride in a strong work ethic and an equally strong value system in terms of educational achievement. This cultural legacy stems from a long tradition of Asians coming into America as immigrants since the 19th century. During this time, there are third and fourth generation Asian Americans that have adopted the principles of a quality education and strong work ethic as part of being of Asian descent in a primarily white Anglo-American population. Culturally, many AsiansRead MoreThe, Good Times, And Modern Day Sitcom1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe Blues to Education Insolvent, Ravenous, Fretting! Economical disadvantages leads to the three ideas stated, in layman’s terms, broke, hungry, and worrying. Unfortunately, many African American individuals inhabit areas that display very tarnished living conditions, which includes violent criminals, illegal activities, and very low performing schools, better known as â€Å"ghettos†. Consequently, due to the disadvantages and low prosperity in these communities, many young adolescents or student’sRead MoreEssay on Comparing Amish and North American Society920 Words   |  4 PagesAmish and North American Society We can compare Amish society as seen in the movie Witness to North American society to decide which is more ideal. An ideal society is one where there is a strong sense of community among all the members. Education prepares children for life; therefore the type of education a child receives will change the society in the next generation. Although education is valued in both societies, its focus is much different. The Laws of a society reflect the values of a communityRead MoreChildcare Differences Between American And Chinese Culture Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesChildcare in China differs in many ways compared to American childcare. Generally speaking, this occurs from generations of cultural differences. What are the differences? The main focuses are on values, punishment, actions, and education. We can also compare childhood, adolescence, and maturity. These certain values help mold a culture and shows how a parent chooses to bring their children up in society. Childcare differe nces show us habits, morals, and the intentions of a child in these culturesRead MoreComparing Amish and North American Society to Determine Which Is More951 Words   |  4 PagesAmish and North American Society We can compare Amish society as seen in the movie Witness to North American society to decide which is more ideal. An ideal society is one where there is a strong sense of community among all the members. Education prepares children for life; therefore the type of education a child receives will change the society in the next generation. Although education is valued in both societies, its focus is much different. The Laws of a society reflect the values of a communityRead MoreThe Importance Of Social Work1507 Words   |  7 Pagesemphasizes cultural competence due to the delivery of services to people with different cultures. Cultural competence allows social workers to increase the ability to understand viewing situations and be able to provide effective practice to individuals, families, groups, and communities. As we all know, it is critically important for social workers to empower clients by focusing on their strengths and promote their abilities, not to overpower them w ith own perspectives, assumptions, and judgmentsRead MoreAsian Americans Academic Success1728 Words   |  7 Pages School Attendance and Family Expectations Among Asian Americans Race, gender and education are status determinants in today’s society. Asian Americans’ academic success comes from a combination of helpful parents, a motivation to succeed, a supportive academic space, a supportive community and economic resources. In this paper, I will argue that Asian Americans attend college due to their cultural roots and familial expectations. Along the way to success are some hardships like stereotypes, genderRead MoreThe American Dream1183 Words   |  5 Pages America, home of the great, land of the free, this is where people from around the world come to achieve the American dream, beginning with the people that originated the dream itself - the born Americans. Success can be achieved by any and every one with endless opportunities to obtain money, success and wealth; This is the American dream. The more money you have the more successful you are. America is a country of free thinkers, individualism, liberty, and privilege. It is a lan d of freedomRead MoreQuestions On Managing Diverse Classrooms1050 Words   |  5 PagesManaging Diverse Classrooms: How to Build on Students Cultural Strengths Elise Trumbull’s theory that a cross-cultural conflict in values between Latino immigrant families and the schools was the heart of the problem of formal education for the families of these children and Carrie Rothstein-Fisch’s expertise in pre-service teacher training produced Managing Diverse Classrooms: How to Build on Students Cultural Strengths. This book also provides educators with an understanding of how cultureRead MoreTrends in African American Families Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesshown that African Americans are currently the least likely ethnic group to be married in this country. This paper will examine some of the reasons why this trend exists when there was a time when marriage rates among blacks were about equal to those of whites. History, culture, economics and dominant culture influences have impacted the current trends in African American families. Many are choosing to postpone marriage, while others are finding alternative ways to cultivate fa mily and raise children

Hiv / Aids Foreign And Domestic Essay - 2130 Words

In a review of the early response to HIV/AIDS, both foreign and domestic, it clearly illustrates the manner in which a public health (PH) issue is first defined directs and determines the hypothesis of not only what can be done about it, but also the course of action taken by the field of PH in response to the issue. Subsequently, when a change occurs regarding the perspective, it alters the plan of the PH response, as proved the case with HIV/AIDS given the recognizable changes associated with the PH response; especially early on in the epidemic. For example, at the height of the outbreak, the immediate response centered on alerting the public to the danger of HIV/AIDS. Shortly after that, the focus shifted to that of a problem associated with â€Å"individual behavior, next to a societally contextualized behavioral issue, and finally, to human rights linked challenge† (Mann Tarantoal, 1998, p. 5). Subsequently, these visible directional changes resulted from the emergences of new information. In many ways, PH epidemics mirror that of investigations given first reports over few clues, yet with the advent of new data the trajectory of the initial probe changes course. With that said, it’s easy to understand why the initial response to HIV/AIDS was one of danger, a danger that society needed to know posed a significant health threat. Important to remember, at the height of the epidemic the diagnosis was based on the end-stages of the disease; thus, the mode or modes ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Domestic Funding For The Global HIV And AIDS Response Program815 Words   |  4 Pagesglobal HIV and AIDS response program in 2013 was relatively the highest with 19.1 billion US dollars disposed at middle and low level income states. However, the process of gathering resources towards this program has improved significantly. The fact that cases of new HIV infections are on the rise in many countries and the international community has been reluctant on their assistance, there is need to come up with more innovative funding methods as well as facilitate new sources of domestic fundingRead MoreEveryone Has Heard, Read, Or Even Experience Hiv. Those1052 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone has heard, read, or even experience HIV. Those letters stand for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Unlike some other viruses, the human body cannot win the battle against HIV. Once someone contracts the virus, it will attack the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system to fight infections. Over time, HIV can destroy many of these cells, making the body vulnerableRead MoreForeign Companies Before To Enter In New Market, Managers846 Words   |  4 Pages Foreign companies before to enter in new market, managers needs a macro- environment understanding such a political, economic, social and technological analysis to make necessary decision regarding to the business. Mozambique Government has been undertake the liberal economic policy and has been managing to the stable economy. The government has been improving strategies and policies to make an improvement of investment Climate. (Market research reports) The role of Mozambique government is toRead MoreInternational Business774 Words   |  4 PagesWith a population of 48 million, South Africa represents 10 per cent of Africa’s population and 45 per cent of the continent’s gross domestic product (GDP). Its GDP is almost as big as the rest of sub-Saharan Africa’s 47 countries combined. As the engine of growth for Africa, South Africa recently has been growing at 5 per cent annually. It is the largest economy in Africa, and is among the top-ten emerging economies. Before 1994, South Africa had been ruled by a white minority governmentRead MoreWhat are the main causes of high unemployment in Zimbabwe? How serious a problem is it? Will land resettlement and HIV-AIDS ease or worsen the situation? Give reasons.1516 Words   |  7 Pagesexporters worry most about the foreign elasticity of demand for the exports. But in Zimbabwe today the most important is undoubtedly the domestic elasticity of supply of exports. This is reflected in the export volume numbers. In 2003, tobacco prices are still virtually unchanged from last year and higher than in previous years, but volumes are down by two-thirds. This then means that if we have very few goods that we are exporting, no we end up having a weak generation of foreign currency which we direlyRead MoreThe Environment Where Public Administration Is Being Implemented1490 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment this essay will delve into will be the sub-Saharan African environment. This environment in particular is affected by massive amounts of debt, pover ty, HIV/AIDS, other diseases, famine, corruption throughout the government and violations of human rights. Sub-Saharan Africa is home to the world’s largest number of people living with HIV/AIDS. This region faces a disaster if not fixed soon. This epidemic has stopped the development and economic growth in that region. While this is taking place inRead MoreThe Hiv / Aids Epidemic1848 Words   |  8 Pagesdramatically reduce its high rates of HIV/AIDS prevalence in the face of low socioeconomic development and declining Gross National Income (GNI) per capita because its existing NGO-based system for HIV/AIDS prevention was scaled up through international technical and financial assistance. The two leading NGOs in this effort, Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO) and Partners in Health (PIH), were created at the onset of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the early 1980sRead MoreHiv Prevention And The Prevalence Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus1573 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: HIV PREVENTION IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA AND AUSTRALIA 8 HIV Prevention in Papua New Guinea and Australia Diana L. Brown HCM350 – History of Healthcare Worldwide Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Evelyn Shinn April 30, 2015 The emergence of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the early 1980s initiated widespread global panic, but not every nation took action to combat the pandemicRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Prostitution843 Words   |  4 Pagesthat they have no other choice but to turn to selling themselves for money. â€Å"Within the country, women and children are subjected to sex trafficking in brothels. Boys are more likely than girls to be forced into prostitution in coastal areas for domestic child sex tourism,† (United States Department of State 2). In Sri Lanka, the problem of child prostitution, primarily among boys, is highly visible in beach resort areas. Their ages generally range from eight to 15 years. These young male sex workersRead MoreSouth Afric A Country Of Diversity1269 Words   |  6 Pages(â€Å"South Africa: Background,† n.d.). However, the residual damage from the previous regime remains evident, with social problems such as poor education, high unemployment and poverty, and HIV/AIDS still rampant (â€Å"South Africa: Background,† n.d.). In fact, South Africa is home to the second highest number of HIV/AIDS patients in the world (â€Å"South Africa: Background,† n.d.). Despite the problems that South Africa faces, South Africa dominates in terms of the economy, with its economy being one of the

Agriculture and Development Free Essays

Agriculture is in many parts of the world is the main source of food and income of households. The role that agriculture plays in development has been debated during the last decades and the views about it are very diverse. Today, many authors consider agriculture as an essential factor for development and an important instrument for poverty alleviation. We will write a custom essay sample on Agriculture and Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my opinion access to land and water is an indispensable condition to ensure the livelihood of the poor. The current market conditions and the economic liberalization process make it difficult for small farmers to compete with the international sphere, which led many people to move out of agriculture. Also, the market-driven economy has serious environmental consequences, which leads to the investment in the research of more sustainable agriculture methods. In this essay, we provide a situational analysis of agriculture in the third world, which warrants our interest in the same. 1. Different views about Agriculture and Development. For some authors agriculture is a provider of raw material for the rest of the economic sectors and it is seen as a mere contributor to fuel economic development. This simplistic vision contrast with that of those who see agriculture as an essential instrument for industrialization, allowing the transfer of capital to urban areas, stimulating the market and, thus, resulting in economic development. According to Norton (2004), most of economic theories of the last 50 years support industrialization as the basis of economic development. Many governments supporting this theory saw liberalization of agricultural goods as the key for economic growth, without taking into account the effect of dependency that the new system would create. 2. The effects of the market on rural agriculture. The case of Kenya, The global economy and liberalization has deep effects on agriculture, and especially on the economy of smallholder’s farmers in the Third World. New market arrangements have brought opportunities for some farmers, but also had negative impact on others, who cannot compete with the low prices established by a liberalized trade. An example of this is the case of Kenya, which as many countries in Africa, suffered from a strong economic crisis during the 80s. The new international terms of trade and the increase of the world interest rates, together with internal causes (such as one of the worst drought periods of its history and political mismanagement) led to disastrous consequences on its agriculture. International market arrangements greatly influence the rural poor livelihoods as it establishes the rules that may not allow them to play in the market. These rules are designed to benefit exclusively large commercial farmers, instead of rural smallholders farmers who have experienced a reduction in their incomes. Food prices are intimately connected to the world market in areas where the poor live. 3. Agriculture research for development. Smallholder farmers produce food, which will be consumed by the poor, so rural agriculture, is a key for the livelihoods of the majority of the world’s poorest people (Kydd, 2002). Therefore, agriculture is a central question of development and it needs the adoption of convenient technologies for the different rural population’s needs. The idea is that smallholder farmers will be able to increase their capacities to improve their living standard through their own efforts. Thus, rather than addressing the symptoms should be better to address the causes of poverty through the application of more appropriate agriculture methods to rural farmers. The commercialization of agriculture has also led to a set of agriculture practices completely different from those of the last century. These changes are basically imposed by the new market demands and by the producers’ attempts to answer it. The new agricultural patterns involved a change in the research methods carried out by private organizations searching for more efficient production practices. In this context, advances in biotechnology in the last decades have focused on profitable markets, especially orientated to large commercial agriculture. According to Norton, (2004), irrigation alone cannot be the only basis to supply food to an increasing world population. Important advances have been made in GMO as a new alternative to food production in order to feed future generations. â€Å"Participatory technology development†, where the farmers acquire the control and play a crucial role on agricultural development. Like in the years before industrialization, small farmers have again in his hands the tools for technological change in agriculture, although this new participatory process is still in its development stage. 4. Gender considerations. Due to the essential role that women are playing today on the economy of the household in developing countries, agriculture development research cannot ignore gender issues when designing new programs. Women in many countries produce a large part of the food crops of the households and they are essential for the family’s food security (IFAD, 2001). . References. Bibliography. Duncan, A. Howell, J. (1992). Structural Adjustment and the African Farmer. London and Portsmouth: ODI, James Currey Ltd. Heinemann Educational Books, Inc. o Search Top of Form How to cite Agriculture and Development, Papers

Theory of Consumer Choice Essay Example For Students

Theory of Consumer Choice Essay I think that it is right to begin with the Theory of consumer choice. The above consumer has expressed his preference of choice. He has a taste for seafood which he prefers above all other types of food. This does not mean that he only eats seafood, but in line with the last two elements of the theory of consumer choice, he has shown his preference for taste and on that assumption, will do the best that he can for himself to consume as much seafood as he can. The elements of the theory which govern exactly how much seafood he will consume are the first two, namely the consumers income and the price of seafood. We will write a custom essay on Theory of Consumer Choice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We can assume therefore, that the consumer will devote as much of his budgeted income for food, to as much seafood as he can afford in preference to other foods such as hamburgers. A budget line can be drawn up to show a trade off between say, fish suppers and hamburgers to indicate the combinations of fish suppers and hamburgers the consumer can afford given his income and the prices of each meal. Points on the buget line will all be within the consumers budget for food. All points below the line will show the possible combinations of dinners avaiable for his choice. All points above the line wil be unaffordable. It will be possible to see how far the consumer could indulge his passion for seafood in one week. (Slope of budget line = -Pu/Pv)The next considerations that might be taken are the marginal rate of substitution of one meal for another without changing the total utility, the diminishing marginal rate of substitution which will hold utility constant and representation of taste as indifference curves. I will not elaborate on these at this point as I believe that the marginal utility and diminishing marginal utility are more relevany and pertinent to the question. I shall now contunue by defining utility. In economic jargon, utility is a numerical method of appreciating a consumers satisfaction. The word itself, as far as meaning is concerned, has nothing to do with its meaning in everyday language. It has nothing to do with usefulness, it is a satisfaction based unit of measurement. Marginal utility on the other hand is, in a sense, an extra utility. What is meant in economic jargon by marginal is the additional pleasure a specific good gives to a consumer. Diminishing marginal utility is the marginal utility lessening due to the growth of consumption. For example, a consumer consumes a pound of fish, and his utility is 10 units, and his marginal utility is 10 units. If the same consumer consumed two pounds of fish, his utility would be 15, but his marginal utility would be 7. The same effect on marginal utility would take place if the amount consumed further increase. Since marginal utility diminishes as the quantity of fish consumed increases, we are faced with diminishing marginal utility. The point is that no matter how good the the consumers fish dinners are , the more that is consumed, the less satisfaction will the consumer have compared to the initial portion. This of course is down to personal taste, for consumer A may have a diminishing marginal utility that decreases a lot more slowly than consumer B. The fact remains, that at some point, both comsumers will become saturated by their love for seafood and the law of diminishing marginal utility will make itself apparent. Our consumer, as this point, will seek to substitute some of his fish dinners with hamburgers or another alternative. To conclude, the title question based on the argument above, the statement: I love seafood so much I cant get enough of it may be passionate, but economically speaking is implausible. Even if theoretically speaking the consumer had access to an infinite amount of seafood and an unlimited budget, in the end the good would not satisfy the consumer enough to remain a preferred good, thus this change in preference would result in the consumer literally having had enough. First we must consider suppy and demand. Supply is the quantity of a good that sellers want to sell at every price. Demand is the quantity of a good that buyers want to buy at every price. Equilibrium is the point where the supply is equal to the demand. At a particular price these behaviours become quantity supply, quantity demand and equilibrium price. We must now look at the elasticity of supply and elasticity of demand. The elacticity of supply measures the responsiveness of the quantity suppled, to a change in the price of that good. Supply elasticity = (% change in quantity supplied)(% change in price)The elasticity of supply informs us how the equilibrium price and the quantity will change if there is a change in the demand. The elasticity of demand shows us the shift in the equilibrium point if there is a change in supply. The elasticity of supply and the elasticity of demand directly affect each other in the following ways. As seen on the graphs below, the cross section changes. This results in a change of position for the equilibrium point. In the particular case of a 5-pence per gallon tax imposition on petrol, considering that the current price of petrol is roughly 69.6-pence per gallon, there is no drastic shift in the supply curve. Nevertheless, a slight shift in the supply curve triggers a slight shift in the demand curve as shown below. This scenario is better portrayed in the lower left graph of the image below (fig.15.4). Since petrol in England has no substitute or alternative good, (unlike the U.S.), the consumer has no other mean of mobilizing his or her essential equipment of transportation. This automatically makes the demand elasticity low. It is needless to say that as a result of these minor shifts the deadweight loss is minimal. .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41 , .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41 .postImageUrl , .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41 , .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41:hover , .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41:visited , .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41:active { border:0!important; } .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41:active , .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41 .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u73b428c32ae9c4015d98888ffed9ec41:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Moonstone EssayThe producer unlike the consumer, in this case will not be affected in terms of tax incidence, the reason being that as a producer of this specific good, there is no immediate obligation to bear the tax incidence himself, thus the burden of tax is loaded onto the consumer. The legislator, or better known as the government, will suffer no incidence of any sort. The only way the legislator will be affected is through the update of this particular tax, which is an annual bureaucratic budgeting process. Over the last century many countries throughout the world have experienced inflation as their major economic problem. Expensive wars have traditionally been recognized as the sources of inflation. Governments, in effort to squeeze more production out of an economy, have often resorted to printing or releasing more money to finance the purchase of arms and soldiers1. In an economy already producing at full capacity, the issuing of additional money serves to bid up the prices of the output of the economy, resulting in inflation. It was generally assumed from past experience, that once the economy returned to its normal state, the persistent tendency for overall prices to rise would disappear, bringing inflation rates back to normal. World War II brought the persistent inflation that economists came to expect. In the 50s and early 60s inflation resumed to very low rates concomitant with large growth increases and low unemployment. But, from 1967 to 1974 the rates of inflation reached al arming proportions in many countries, such as Japan and Britain, for no apparent reason. This acceleration in inflation has forced many economists to reevaluate their views, and often align themselves with a specific school of thought regarding the causes and cures for inflation. There are two opposite theories regarding inflation. Monetarism indicates that inflation is due to increases in the supply of money. The classic example of this relationship is the inflation that followed an inflow of gold and silver into Europe, resulting from the Spanish conquest of the Americas. According to monetarists, the only way to cure inflation is by government action to reduce growth of the money supply. At the other end is the cost-push theory. Cost-pushers believe that the source of inflation is the rate of wage increases. They believe that wage increases are independent of all economic factors, and generally are determined by workers and trade unions. More specifically, inflation occurs when the wages demanded by trade unions and workers add up to more than the economy is capable of producing. Cost- pushers advocate limiting the power of trade unions and using income policies to help fight off inflation. In between the cost-push and monetarism theory is Keynesianism. Ke ynesians recognize the importance of both the money supply and wage rates in determining inflation. They sometimes advise using monetary and incomes policies as complimentary measures to reduce inflation, but most often rely on fiscal policy as the cure. Before we can understand the policies suggested by these different schools of thought, we must look at the historical development of our understanding of inflation. For approximately 200 years before John Maynard Keynes wrote the General Theory of Employment, Interest , and Money, there was a broad agreement among economists as to the sources of inflationary pressure, known as the quantity theory of money2. The Quantity theory of money is easily understood through fishers equation MV=PY ( money supply times velocity of circulation of money equals price times real income)Quantity theorists believe that over an extended period of time the size of M, the money supply, cannot affect the overall economic output, Y. They also assume that for all practical purposes V was constant because short term variations in the circulations of money are short lived, and long term changes in the velocity of circulation are so small as to be inconsequential . Lastly, this theory rests on the belief that the supply of money is in no way determined by the economic output or the demand for money itself.The central prediction that can now be made is that changes in the money supply will lead to equiproportionate changes in prices. If the money supply goes up then individuals initially find themselves with more money. Normally individuals will tend to spend most of their excess money. The attempt of people to buy more than they normally do must result in the bidding up of prices because of the competitive nature of the market, inflation. Also essential to the quantity theory is the belief that in a competitive market, where wages and prices are free to fluctuate, there would be an automatic tendency for the market to correct itself and full employment to be established. In figure 1, w stands for the real wage rate (the amount of goods and services that an individuals money income can buy), L d for the demand for labor and L s for the supply for labor. Suppose now that the economic system inherited a real wage rate w 1, The supply of labor is L s1 while the demand for labor is only L d1. At this point there is substantial unemployment because labor is costly for employers to buy. According to Classicalists, The existence of an excess supply of labor will lead to a competitive struggle between the unemployed and employed for the available jobs. This struggle will lead to a reduction of real wages, thus employers will begin hiring more workers. Eventually competition will drive down wages to an equilibrium called labor- arket clearance, where the demand and supply for labor is equal; this is We Le. Classicalists define Labor market clearance as the point of full employment. Thus, persistent unemployment can only be explained by a mechanism which interferes with a competitive market. They specifically blame monopolistic trade unions for preventing the wage rate from falling to We. Unions may use many threatening tactics to fight wage cuts. Those most effective mentioned in the textbooks are collective bargaining and strikes. .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2 , .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2 .postImageUrl , .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2 , .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2:hover , .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2:visited , .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2:active { border:0!important; } .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2:active , .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2 .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5cd880618901ccb5f8a0852ff1dd9d2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Entrepreneur Observation Report EssayThe Great depression, as experienced by the US and the countries of western Europe, cast a shadow over the Classical approach to economics3. The self-righting properties of classical economics were clearly not working when wages and unemployment failed to decrease. Blaming trade unions for these massive increases in unemployment seemed far fetched. John Maynard Keynes was the first writer to produce a non-classical, coherent, and convincing explanation of the inter-war depression. He traced the sources of unemployment to a deficiency of effective demand. Put simply, unemployment occurred when total spending on output was not enough to f ully employ the available workforce. Effective demand, called expenditures, was split into two groups by Keynes, consumption and investment. Consumption, the purchase of goods and services, far outweighed investment as the major component of effective demand. At the theories core lay Keynes belief that an economies total production, Y, will eventually adapt itself to changes expenditures. Moreover Keynes argued that the equilibrium of wages exist when the output of producers is equal to the amount that consumers and investors are willing to spend on their output. Consider figure 2 Total expenditure, that is the sum of consumption and investment , is measured on the vertical and real income on the horizontal. For practical purposes investment will remain a constant in the graph and be represented by line I. If we add the consumption function and the investment line, we get the the sum total expenditures, line E (E = C+I). For any given amount of expenditures, Y can be located anywher e for a short time. If Y is above E, then producers are simply accumulating unsold stocks of goods. Eventually they will be forced to cut back on production until they can sell their existing stocks, earning capital enough capital to restart production. Conversely, If Y is below E, producers will be selling out of goods. Normally they will increase production as soon as possible to catch up to the demand and make the most profit. This is where, the 45 line comes into use. Y, according to Keynes, will shift to the point where E intersects the 45 line. When Y intersects E at the 45 line, there is an equilibrium between expenditures and total output, and wages are stable. In order to illustrate how Keynes principle of effective demand accounts for unemployment, let us assume that the economy starts off at full employment where Ld (demand for labor) equals Ls (supply). The label of the output necessary to sustain full employment is Yf, f denoting full employment. If expenditures were smaller than Yf, than Yf would adjust itself to the left on the graph to accommodate for this. Because the level of total output has shrunk, the demand for labor also has, and unemployment has risen correspondingly . If one accepts the Keynesian model, there are generally two things that can be done to raise the level of aggregate demand to a point where Y adjusts to full employment. Raising government expenditures, G, stimulating private investment, or lowering taxes, raising consumption because people will have more money to spend, will both raise the level of aggregate demand. Both these policies come under the heading of fiscal policy, which is deliberate manipulation of the government budget deficit in order to achieve an economic objective. During the great depression, many people rejected Keynes ideas on unemployment because they were scared to be different. The contemporary orthodox view was that cuts in the money wages would automatically be accompanied by cuts in the real wages, thus raising employment. Classicalists prescribed the government a remedy for unemployment based on implementing money wage reductions. Keynes rejected this idea on both theoretical and empirical grounds. After the first World War, collective bargaining rendered the downward flexibility of wages highly improbable. Any attempts at cutting money wages would be fiercelyresisted, as seen as the 1926 General Strike in Britain painfully demonstrated. Keynes regarded the trade unions resistance to wage cuts as a product of the rigid structure of wage differentials. This is actually just the relative position of the wages of a particular type of labor to all others, F.E. mechanics get paid 1$,Electricians get 2$, plumbers get 3$. If any one group re ceived generally higher wages, other groups would surely demand higher wages to preserve the structure. On the other hand, if a single group wantonly decided to accept a wage cut, other groups would likely not follow. Therefore labor groups vehemently resisted wage cuts. Theoretically, Keynes believed that drops in the money wages would eventually be accompanied by a drops in prices. This balanced deflation would bring real wages, the amount of goods that could be bought, to their original amount. Employers would not take on more workers because their real revenue, amount of goods they sell, would remain unchanged. In order to fully consider this statement, we must first look at the terms used and consider their definitions with respect to the larger content of the question. We will first consider Positive Economics. A positive economic statement is one which relies on real data, given true statistics and related directly to a true situation. Following this, we can say that a normative economic statement is one which is not purely objective although it is related to a positive economic situation. What the normantive statement does is to follow on with an opinion which is subjective, biased and based purely on the personal feelings of the speaker. Positive economics is about what is; normative economics is about what should be. Economics, John B. Taylor, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995, p.25Now we must consider the definition of Fair. Fair: satisfactory, just, unbiased, according to the rules. The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Fifth Edition, Edited by H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler, Oxford University Press, 1964